{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:01:08Z","timestamp":1777392068809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University","award":["PRIN 2022F5N25M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022F5N25M"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a key driver of inflammatory lung disorders, promoting extracellular matrix degradation and tissue damage. Although inhibitors such as Sivelestat and Alvelestat are clinically relevant, their performance within the oxidative microenvironment of diseased lungs remains poorly understood. Here, we employed an integrated in vitro and in silico approach to investigate their behavior under physiological and oxidative conditions and to provide a molecular-level interpretation. Under physiological conditions, enzymatic assays and steady-state kinetics confirmed that both compounds act as competitive inhibitors, with Sivelestat displaying higher baseline potency. Under oxidative stress, however, Sivelestat exhibited a marked reduction in inhibitory potency, whereas Alvelestat retained its efficacy. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of native and oxidized HNE variants provided a structural rationale for this divergence. Alvelestat, as a non-covalent inhibitor, maintains stable binding despite increased flexibility of the active site, whereas Sivelestat, acting via a reversible covalent mechanism, requires a precise pre-acylation geometry. Oxidation-induced remodeling of the S1 pocket disrupts the near-attack configuration required for covalent bond formation, thereby impairing inhibition. Overall, these findings indicate that oxidative stress may selectively compromise covalent inhibition while preserving enzymatic activity, and suggest that context-dependent redox-related structural effects may represent a consideration for the design of next-generation HNE inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:55:39Z","timestamp":1777370139000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Differential Redox Resilience of Alvelestat and Sivelestat: A Mechanistic Hypothesis for Inhibitor Performance Under Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Maura","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Linciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent R.","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnologies \u201cL. Spallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Pietrocola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Research Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Iadarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnologies \u201cL. Spallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2954-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Collina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1439-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Grignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1440-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Gregorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rampino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5020-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Viglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Research Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007033030109","article-title":"Release of inflammatory mediators from stimulated neutrophils","volume":"303","author":"Weissmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. 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