{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:20:04Z","timestamp":1777666804109,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"government assignment of the FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of hexadecylpiperidinium surfactants containing alkyl (PMe-16, PEt-16, PBu-16), benzyl (Benz-16, 1-Benz-3-HP-16, 1-Benz-4-HP-16), and hydroxyl (3-HPMe-16, 4-HPMe-16) substituents in the ring were tested with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate the relationship between nematocidal activity and the structural features of surfactants. It was found that increasing the hydrophobicity of the substituent in the surfactant head group reduced the nematocidal activity in the order PMe-16 &gt; PEt-16 &gt; PBu-16 &gt; Benz-16. The lead compound, PMe-16, showed significantly higher activity than the commercial insecticide carbofuran, and was able to induce nearly complete nematode mortality within 24 h at a concentration of 50 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121, as well as suppress culture development at concentrations of 25\u2013100 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121. All tested piperidinium surfactants inhibited nematode population development at 100 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121, while PMe-16 remained effective at concentrations as low as 25 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121. The membranotropic properties of the surfactants were evaluated using a turbidimetric method with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)-based liposomes as a model of biomembranes. Dynamic light scattering measurements were performed in parallel to assess changes in liposome size and zeta potential as a function of surfactant content, as well as to determine the critical concentration required to induce lipid bilayer destabilization. These results provide indirect evidence of surfactant\u2013membrane interactions. The combinations of piperidinium surfactants and carbofuran showed pronounced synergistic effects, reducing the insecticide dose while maintaining efficacy. Synergy was evaluated using the Bliss independence model and the Highest Single Agent model. The addition of the most active surfactants (PMe-16 and 4-HPMe-16) at 6.25 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 enabled an approximately twofold reduction in the carbofuran dose while maintaining full nematocidal activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1777448631000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Use of Piperidinium Surfactants in Nematicide Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rushana","family":"Kushnazarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Mirgorodskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6964-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeny","family":"Nikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Egorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Daurskaya Str. 28, 420087 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alsu","family":"Gatiyatullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Daurskaya Str. 28, 420087 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kalinnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Daurskaya Str. 28, 420087 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125655","article-title":"Surfactant-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","volume":"679","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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