{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T05:09:36Z","timestamp":1778389776613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of light spectral quality on shoot yield and essential oil of Tagetes erecta L. cultivated in controlled growth chambers under three LED lighting treatments with different red, blue, and white wavelength ratios and a constant 16 h photoperiod for up to 101 days. The F2 treatment (5 red:1 blue) produced yields of fresh shoots, early blooming flowers, and oils of 1586 \u00b1 164 g\/m2, 569.77 \u00b1 76.81 g\/m2, and 307 \u00b1 31.7 mg\/m2, respectively. These values were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than those of the F1 treatment (white:red-phosphor), and represented increases of 1.37-, 1.26-, and 1.38-fold, respectively. Gas chromatography identified 30\u201331 compounds in the oil with three major constituents\u2014(E)-\u03b2-ocimene (22.9\u201328.8%, highest under F3), (E)-myroxide (13.9\u201320.6%, highest under F1), and piperitone (7.3\u20139.6%, highest under F3). Essential oils inhibited from four to five of the seven tested microbial strains, with the notable activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans recorded in F2 and F1, respectively. These findings confirm that light spectral quality is a critical factor regulating flower, essential oil, and antimicrobial efficacy in T. erecta, demonstrating that optimized LED spectra offer a practical strategy to improve plant yield and phytochemical quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1777536227000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LED Light-Quality Optimization to Enhance Shoot and Essential Oil Yield of Tagetes erecta L. in Controlled Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Thi Thu","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhung Hong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quyen","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuy Thi Thu","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trang Huyen Thi","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tru Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ha Hoang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quang Cong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Quoc","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William N.","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Quoc","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 4a, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phat Tien","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2004.9698767","article-title":"Characterization and Yield Evaluation of Essential Oils from Different Tagetes Species","volume":"16","author":"Marotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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