{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:27:05Z","timestamp":1790126825689,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qingdao West Coast New District University Presidents Fund","award":["E42424101N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E42424101N"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project","award":["GuikeJF2503980038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeJF2503980038"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016806","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Nantong Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JC2023088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC2023088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal in shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Reprogramming TAMs towards an anti-tumor M1 phenotype represents a promising strategy to enhance anti-tumor immunity. While Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) possess immunomodulatory potential, the influence of NP size on macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to systematically investigate the size-dependent immunomodulatory effects of Fe3O4 NPs and elucidate their mechanisms. We synthesized a series of Fe3O4 NPs of controlled sizes (5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, and 100 nm) via the polyol method. Among these, the 10 nm NPs demonstrated superior cellular uptake efficiency in macrophages. This enhanced uptake induced a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Subsequently, the elevated ROS activated the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, promoting M1 macrophage polarization. This polarization was evidenced by enhanced CD86 expression, increased nitric oxide (NO) release, and elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study identifies 10 nm as the optimal size for Fe3O4 NPs to elicit their maximal immunomodulatory effects. Our findings establish a crucial size-design principle for the rational development of nano-immunotherapeutic agents and identify 10 nm Fe3O4 NPs as a promising candidate for TAM-targeted cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1777536227000},"page":"1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Size-Dependent Immunomodulatory Effects of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Inducing Pro-Inflammatory Polarization of Macrophages to M1 Type"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9491-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Nantong Zhongke Marine Science and Technology Research and Development Center, Nantong 226333, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1937","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: Cancer as a paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0255","article-title":"Immunotherapy for cancer effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on polarization of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"16","author":"Nascimento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18626-y","article-title":"Hybrid cellular membrane nanovesicles amplify macrophage immune responses against cancer recurrence and metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202404889","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202404889","article-title":"Engineered Cellular Vesicles Displaying Glycosylated Nanobodies for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c00987","article-title":"Nanoparticle Size Effects in Biomedical Applications","volume":"4","author":"Dolai","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402508","article-title":"Compact halo-ligand-conjugated quantum dots for multicolored single-molecule imaging of overcrowding GPCR proteins on cell membranes","volume":"11","author":"Komatsuzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300143v","article-title":"Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: Developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology","volume":"113","author":"Sapsford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15327k","article-title":"Design of polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical delivery applications","volume":"14","author":"Elsabahy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200602866","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123857","article-title":"Screening of transcytosable iron oxide nanoparticles (TIONs) for deep tissue-penetrating imaging","volume":"328","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003543","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202003543","article-title":"A Biomimetic Polymer Magnetic Nanocarrier Polarizing Tumor-Associated Macrophages for Potentiating Immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.115193","article-title":"Polynorepinephrine nanoagent enables targeted mitochondrial delivery for enhanced tumor therapy through ferroptosis","volume":"257","author":"Lyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"101138","article-title":"Recent advances in magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles: Sustainable synthesis, surface engineering, and emerging environmental applications","volume":"25","author":"Fato","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-025-05477-6","article-title":"Evaluation of conditions favorable for the enhanced stability of magnetite suspensions using visible spectroscopy","volume":"303","author":"Lopera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2024.103166","article-title":"Advances in surface design and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"328","author":"Araujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e202500655","article-title":"CTAB-Assisted Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation","volume":"223","author":"Murari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.042","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer theranostics: Advances and prospects","volume":"335","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serga, V., Burve, R., Maiorov, M., Krumina, A., Skaudzius, R., Zarkov, A., Kareiva, A., and Popov, A. (2020). Impact of Gadolinium on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Powders of Iron Oxides Produced by the Extraction-Pyrolytic Method. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184147"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03712-3","article-title":"Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery Against Cancer: A Review of Mechanisms, Applications, Consequences, Limitations, and Tailoring Strategies","volume":"53","author":"Riaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02909-3","article-title":"Photothermal Fe3O4 nanoparticles induced immunogenic ferroptosis for synergistic colorectal cancer therapy","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.168","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues","volume":"11","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR06505A","article-title":"Polarization of tumor-associated macrophage phenotype via porous hollow iron nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b10904","article-title":"Mechanism of Iron Oxide-Induced Macrophage Activation: The Impact of Composition and the Underlying Signaling Pathway","volume":"141","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12553","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03288","article-title":"Amplified Cancer Immunotherapy of a Surface-Engineered Antigenic Microparticle Vaccine by Synergistically Modulating Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807211","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807211","article-title":"Artificially Reprogrammed Macrophages as Tumor-Tropic Immunosuppression-Resistant Biologics to Realize Therapeutics Production and Immune Activation","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111970","article-title":"Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles designed to encapsulate polyphenolic compounds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications\u2014A review","volume":"142","author":"Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.12.019","article-title":"Polyphosphate coatings: A promising strategy to overcome the polycation dilemma","volume":"587","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekic, M., Tomic, S., Rudolf, R., Milanovic, M., Vucevic, D., Anzel, I., and Colic, M. (2019). The Effect of Stabilisation Agents on the Immunomodulatory Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Obtained by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244121"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23799","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b06614","article-title":"Stable and Biocompatible Colloidal Dispersions of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Minimum Aggregation for Biomedical Applications","volume":"120","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124414","article-title":"Novel rapid coordination of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate and iron(III) as chromogenic substrate system based on Fe2O3 nanoparticle and application in immunoassay for the colorimetric detection of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"258","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NR03157E","article-title":"Esterification synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle tracers for magnetic particle imaging (MPI)","volume":"18","author":"Elsea","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2014.1821","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4 Is Involved in Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Incorporation into Cells","volume":"6","author":"Mano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.09.006","article-title":"Exposure to hydroxyapatite nanoparticles enhances Toll-like receptor 4 signal transduction and overcomes endotoxin tolerance in vitro and in vivo","volume":"135","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.04.023","article-title":"Nanocatalysts-augmented Fenton chemical reaction for nanocatalytic tumor therapy","volume":"211","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101883","article-title":"Ferroptotic nanomaterials enhance cancer therapy via boosting Fenton-reaction","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02743-7","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in phagocytic activity: In vivo response of mouse pulmonary antigen presenting cells to direct lung delivery of charged PEGDA nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Sudduth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107580","article-title":"Size-dependent ultrasound enhancement of nanoparticle endocytosis in tumor cells","volume":"122","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.01.001","article-title":"Comparison of fluorescence-based methods to determine nanoparticle uptake by phagocytes and non-phagocytic cells in vitro","volume":"378","author":"Claudia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2025.100646","article-title":"Delivery of 5-fluorouracil modified MicroRNAs by fucoidan-based magnetic nanoparticles to enhances tumor-localized immunotherapy and chemotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002508","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002508","article-title":"Mesoporous silica nanoparticles inflame tumors to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance through TLR4-NF\u03baB axis","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800226","article-title":"IRF5 Is Required for Bacterial Clearance in Human M1-Polarized Macrophages, and IRF5 Immune-Mediated Disease Risk Variants Modulate This Outcome","volume":"202","author":"Hedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17432","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418399111","article-title":"Protein kinase IKK\u03b2-catalyzed phosphorylation of IRF5 at Ser462 induces its dimerization and nuclear translocation in myeloid cells","volume":"111","author":"Lamont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108971","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202108971","article-title":"Reprogramming Tumor-Associated Macrophages via ROS-Mediated Novel Mechanism of Ultra-Small Cu2\u2212xSe Nanoparticles to Enhance Anti-Tumor Immunity","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14600","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5 and nuclear factor kappa-B exhibit cooperating but also divergent roles in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines important for the development of TH1 and TH17 responses","volume":"285","author":"Stein","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S550828","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Ferroptosis for Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Szwed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007","article-title":"Ferroptosis in immune cells: Implications for tumor immunity and cancer therapy","volume":"84","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104818","article-title":"Ferroptosis in tumor associated immune cells: A double-edged sword against tumors","volume":"212","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10433","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NR01030F","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of metal nanoparticles: Current trends and future prospects","volume":"17","author":"Barik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szebeni, J. (2025). Unique Features and Collateral Immune Effects of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccines: Plausible Mechanisms of Adverse Events and Complications. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.1462.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302409","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302409","article-title":"Building a Better Silver Bullet: Current Status and Perspectives of Non-Viral Vectors for mRNA Vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, P., Li, C., Tu, S., and Yang, H. (2025). PLGA-based nanoparticles in colorectal cancer immunotherapy: Current concepts and future perspectives. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1714460"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03921-x","article-title":"Macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles in inflammatory diseases: From bioinspired design to translational potential","volume":"24","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02443-2","article-title":"Engineered iron oxide nanoplatforms: Reprogramming immunosuppressive niches for precision cancer theranostics","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.magmed.2025.100002","article-title":"The metabolic fate of iron-based magnetic nanomaterials and their impact on macrophage function","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102363","article-title":"Dual-magnetically driven nanozymes for glioblastoma immunotherapy via magnetothermal and NIR-amplified ferroptosis and apoptosis","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0258","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0258","article-title":"Magneto-photo-acoustic Nanotheranostics Orchestrate Ferroptosis-Immune Cross Talk for Spatiotemporally Amplified Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:04:48Z","timestamp":1777536288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31091492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31091492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}