{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1792268516048,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016018","name":"Vice-Rectorate of Research and Zimplant Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCI 2023-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI 2023-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016018","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL) membranes incorporating Triticum vulgare extract (TVE) were developed as biomimetic scaffolds for periodontal regeneration. Using a ternary solvent system, two experimental formulations (\u00b5F-P10 and \u00b5F-P10T1) were fabricated and compared against a commercial dermal matrix. SEM analysis revealed bimodal fiber distributions (0.77\u20131.74 \u00b5m) and a surface porosity of 29.86% for TVE-loaded membranes, significantly higher than that of the commercial control (25.26%). FT-IR confirmed that the PCL chemical integrity was preserved, while mechanical testing showed that extract incorporation reinforced the matrix, increasing the Young\u2019s modulus from 2.90 \u00d7 103 Pa to 3.54 \u00d7 103 Pa. UHPLC\u2013MS identified ferulic acid as the primary bioactive component (90%), with release kinetics following a first-order model (R2 = 0.998) over 48 h. Biological assays with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) confirmed non-cytotoxicity (&gt;70% viability). While both membranes supported healing, the \u00b5F-P10 formulation showed superior performance, with 80.2% proliferation and 60.6% wound closure, approaching control levels. These findings demonstrate that PCL-TVE electrospun scaffolds effectively combine favorable morphology and controlled release, offering a promising alternative for subepithelial connective tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"1505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrospun Fibers Encapsulating Triticum vulgare Extract as a Potential Scaffold for the Regeneration of Subepithelial Connective Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1419-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leydy Tatiana","family":"Figueroa-Ariza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Cely-Veloza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory\u2014InQuiBio, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajic\u00e1 250247, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel\u00e1ngel","family":"Coccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias Odontol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6407-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Fernando","family":"Gualtero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald Andr\u00e9s","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada\u2014INQA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ericsson","family":"Coy-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory\u2014InQuiBio, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajic\u00e1 250247, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Delia","family":"Pinz\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamil","family":"Lesmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimplant & Compa\u00f1\u00eda SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Chambrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria In\u00e9s","family":"Lafaurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Oral\u2014UIBO, Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14289","article-title":"Global prevalence of gingival recession: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0137","article-title":"The etiology and prevalence of gingival recession","volume":"134","author":"Kassab","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.36316\/gcatr.02.0025","article-title":"Factors Associated with Dental Root Caries: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Trans. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0075","article-title":"Efficacy of biologics in root coverage and gingival augmentation therapy: An American Academy of Periodontology best evidence systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Chambrone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12059","article-title":"Periodontal plastic surgery","volume":"68","author":"Zucchelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(01)00035-5","article-title":"Gingival recession\u2014Its significance and management","volume":"29","author":"Tugnait","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0167","article-title":"Does the subepithelial connective tissue graft in conjunction with a coronally advanced flap remain as the gold standard therapy for the treatment of single gingival recession defects? A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Chambrone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.9.1054","article-title":"Root Coverage with Connective Tissue Grafts: An Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Results","volume":"73","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.11.1477","article-title":"Comparative 6-Month Clinical Study of a Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft and Acellular Dermal Matrix Graft for the Treatment of Gingival Recession","volume":"72","author":"Novaes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.3.257","article-title":"Acellular Dermal Matrix Allografts to Achieve Increased Attached Gingiva. Part 2. A Histological Comparative Study","volume":"73","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.04.022","article-title":"Recent advances in the development of GTR\/GBR membranes for periodontal regeneration\u2014A materials perspective","volume":"28","author":"Bottino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-022-00198-9","article-title":"Electrospun Fibers Control Drug Delivery for Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Lin, K., and Yu, H. (2019). Advance of Nano-Composite Electrospun Fibers in Periodontal Regeneration. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00495"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3218","article-title":"Programmable immune activating electrospun fibers for skin regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.06.019","article-title":"Three dimensional poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) and silk fibroin nanocomposite fibrous matrix for artificial dermis","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.073","article-title":"Application of electrospun polycaprolactone fibers embedding lignin nanoparticle for peripheral nerve regeneration: In vitro and in vivo study","volume":"159","author":"Amini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Xie, L., Wu, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, X., and Jiang, L. (2022). Dexamethasone-loaded zeolitic imidazolate frameworks nanocomposite hydrogel with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects for periodontitis treatment. Mater. Today Bio, 16.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100360"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.05.011","article-title":"Electrospun polymeric nanofibres as wound dressings: A review","volume":"169","author":"Miguel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2014.12.001","article-title":"Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers for tissue regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111110","article-title":"Polycaprolactone\/polyvinylpyrrolidone coaxial electrospun fibers containing veratric acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for bone regeneration","volume":"193","author":"Sruthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.101","article-title":"Study of epithelial differentiation and protein expression of keratinocyte-mesenchyme stem cell co-cultivation on electrospun nylon\/B. vulgaris extract composite scaffold","volume":"75","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2217\/17435889.2.6.929","article-title":"Electrospun Nanostructured Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"2","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer\u2014Polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32052","article-title":"Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo","volume":"90","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazgir, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Elies, J., Saeinasab, M., Coates, P., Youseffi, M., and Sefat, F. (2021). Degradation and Characterisation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174773"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1981.070261124","article-title":"Aliphatic polyesters. I. The degradation of poly(\u03f5-caprolactone) in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Pitt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.01.071","article-title":"Characterization of chitosan\u2013polycaprolactone blends for tissue engineering applications","volume":"26","author":"Sarasam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Zhao, Z., Rausch, M.A., Behm, C., Shokoohi-Tabrizi, H.A., Andrukhov, O., and Rausch-Fan, X. (2023). In Vitro Investigation of Gelatin\/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers in Modulating Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247508"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.70073","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Absorbable Gradient Membrane vs. Free Gingival Grafts for Periodontal Soft-Tissue Augmentation: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"53","author":"Niu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10167","article-title":"Electrospun nanofibrous structure: A novel scaffold for tissue engineering","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.01.011","article-title":"Electrospinning: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"29","author":"Sill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, C.F., Marangon, C.A., Massimino, L.C., Klingbeil, M.F.G., Martins, V.C.A., and de Guzzi Plepis, A.M. (2021). Development of collagen\/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds containing plant extract intended for bone regeneration. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111955"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, C., Orozco, Y., Betancur, A., Moreno, A.I., Fuentes, K., Lopera, A., Suarez, O., Lobo, T., Ossa, A., and Pel\u00e1ez-Vargas, A. (2023). Fabrication of polycaprolactone\/calcium phosphates hybrid scaffolds impregnated with plant extracts using 3D printing for potential bone regeneration. Heliyon, 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13176"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, B.E.G., Maia, F.L.M., Massimino, L.C., Garcia, C.F., Plepis, A.M.d.G., Martins, V.d.C.A., Reis, C.H.B., Silva, V.R., Bezerra, A.A., and Pauris, C.C. (2024). Use of Plant Extracts in Polymeric Scaffolds in the Regeneration of Mandibular Injuries. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040491"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Liu, T., Qiao, Y., Liu, D., Yang, L., Mao, H., Ma, F., Wang, Y., Peng, L., and Zhan, Y. (2023). Oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: Role of polyphenols. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185317"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Khairnar, S.J., Khan, J., Dukhyil ABin Ansari, M.A., Alomary, M.N., Alshabrmi, F.M., Palai, S., Deb, P.K., and Devi, R. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.806470"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahfoufi, N., Alsadi, N., Jambi, M., and Matar, C. (2018). The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111618"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Liu, Z., Lin, M., Gao, N., and Wang, X. (2024). Polyphenols in health and food processing: Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant insights. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1456730"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, A., Pirozzi, A.V.A., Finamore, R., Grieco, F., Minale, M., and Schiraldi, C. (2020). Molecular Mechanisms at the Basis of Pharmaceutical Grade Triticum vulgare Extract Efficacy in Prompting Keratinocytes Healing. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030431"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S216391","article-title":"A Triticum vulgare Extract Exhibits Regenerating Activity During the Wound Healing Process","volume":"13","author":"Tito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aburayan, W.S., Alajmi, A.M., Alfahad, A.J., Alsharif, W.K., Alshehri, A.A., Booq, R.Y., Alsudir, S.A., Alsulaihem, F.M., Bukhary, H.A., and Badr, M.Y. (2022). Melittin from Bee Venom Encapsulating Electrospun Fibers as a Potential Antimicrobial Wound Dressing Patches for Skin Infections. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040725"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualtero, D.F., Buitrago, D.M., Pinz\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda, A.D., Cely Veloza, W.F., Figueroa-Ariza, L.T., Torres-Morales, S., Rodriguez-Navarrete, J.D., Jimenez, V.J., and Lafaurie, G.I. (2025). Biopolymers of Polycaprolactone Loaded with Caffeic Acid and Trametes versicolor Extract Induced Proliferation in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells and Inhibited Platelet Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104949"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndlovu, S.P., Motaung, K.S.C.M., Razwinani, M., Alven, S., Adeyemi, S.A., Ubanako, P.N., Ngema, L.M., Fonkui, T.Y., Ndinteh, D.T., and Kumar, P. (2024). Capparis sepiaria-Loaded Sodium Alginate Single- and Double-Layer Membrane Composites for Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101313"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2009.06.011","article-title":"Molecular structure, spectroscopic studies and first-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities of ferulic acid by density functional study","volume":"74","author":"Sebastian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.11.089","article-title":"Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, 1H, 13C NMR, UV\/VIS), thermogravimetric and antimicrobial studies of Ca(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of ferulic acid","volume":"122","author":"Kalinowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"362","article-title":"Extraction and purification of ferulic acid as an antioxidant from sugar beet pulp by alkaline hydrolysis","volume":"28","author":"Aarabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-014-0253-6","article-title":"Structural elucidation and molecular docking of ferulic acid from Parthenium hysterophorus possessing COX-2 inhibition activity","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E.C., Kim, J.-S., Yu, Y.J., Yu, S.-G., Lee, D.Y., Lee, D.-M., Gwak, S.-J., Seo, K.D., and Lee, S.-J. (2025). Evaluation of Medical-Grade Polycaprolactone for 3D Printing: Mechanical, Chemical, and Biodegradation Characteristics. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17202730"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"34","article-title":"Characterization and Optimization of Using Calendula Officinalis Extract in The Fabrication of Polycaprolactone\/Gelatin Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Dressing Applications","volume":"6","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Mater. Process."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10205","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062127z","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties of Alginate\/Polycaprolactone-Based Films Containing Essential Oils","volume":"54","author":"Salmieri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, S., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, L., and Liu, Y. (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of Polycaprolactone Modified Trimellitate Nano-Lubricant. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12142273"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.03.012","article-title":"Collagen structural hierarchy and susceptibility to degradation by ultraviolet radiation","volume":"28","author":"Rabotyagova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20218f","article-title":"Triple-helical collagen hydrogels via covalent aromatic functionalisation with 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid","volume":"1","author":"Tronci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Fan, Y., Zhang, H., Ahmad, K., and Hou, H. (2023). Distribution, Typical Structure and Self-Assembly Properties of Collagen from Fish Skin and Bone. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186529"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.01.013","article-title":"Enhancement in dentin collagen\u2019s biological stability after proanthocyanidins treatment in clinically relevant time periods","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12182","article-title":"Efficacy of periodontal plastic surgery procedures in the treatment of localized facial gingival recessions. A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Cairo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, S., Querido, D., Ferreira, J.L., Borges, J.P., Henriques, C., and Silva, J.C. (2019). Using water to control electrospun Polycaprolactone fibre morphology for soft tissue engineering. J. Polym. Res., 26.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-019-1890-6"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.K., Cheng, Y., Liang Cheng, M., Yu, L., Mu, M., Li, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, B., Yao, Y., and Guo, H. (2016). Focal adhesion kinase regulates fibroblast migration via integrin beta-1 and plays a central role in fibrosis. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19276"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goisis, C., Porrelli, D., Turco, G., Medagli, B., Papa, G., and Iurilli, M. (2025). Cell Adhesion and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Collagen-Coated Electrospun PCL Membranes Functionalized with Silver Nanoparticles. Membranes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes16010017"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farzamfar, S., Chabaud, S., Fradette, J., Rioux, Y., and Bolduc, S. (2025). Electrospun Polycaprolactone\/Collagen Scaffolds Enhance Manipulability and Influence the Composition of Self-Assembled Extracellular Matrix. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12101077"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiraki, H.L., Matera, D.L., Rose, M.J., Kent, R.N., Todd, C.W., Stout, M.E., Wank, A.E., Schiavone, M.C., DePalma, S.J., and Zarouk, A.A. (2021). Magnetic Alignment of Electrospun Fiber Segments Within a Hydrogel Composite Guides Cell Spreading and Migration Phenotype Switching. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.679165"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markel, D.C., Bou-Akl, T., Wu, B., Pawlitz, P., Yu, X., Chen, L., Shi, T., and Ren, W. (2025). In Vivo Cell Migration and Growth Within Electrospun Porous Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Different Pore Sizes in a Mouse Pouch Model. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16050181"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Huangfu, C., Bai, Z., Zhu, L., Shen, P., Wang, N., Li, G., Deng, H., Ma, Z., and Zhou, W. (2024). Multifunctional carbomer based ferulic acid hydrogel promotes wound healing in radiation-induced skin injury by inactivating NLRP3 inflammasome. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02789-7"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v13i5.6622","article-title":"Triticum Vulgare Extract: Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Use","volume":"13","author":"Cuomo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.10.051","article-title":"Oligosaccharidic fractions derived from Triticum vulgare extract accelerate tissutal repairing processes in in vitro and in vivo models of skin lesions","volume":"159","author":"Sanguigno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650070216","article-title":"Specific stimulation of human endothelial cells by Triticum vulgare extract and its biologically active fraction","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"38","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Use for Skin Applications: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Roux","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:16Z","timestamp":1777618216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31091505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31091505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}