{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:02:55Z","timestamp":1787508175314,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectins are a family of proteins that belong to one of the most widespread classes of lectins found in all organisms. They are found intracellularly in various structures or secreted into the extracellular space, where they are involved in mediating cellular biological processes such as growth, function, interaction and response. They are known for their ability to bind to carbohydrates, specifically those containing beta-galactose. This narrative review outlines the human galectins, emphasizing Galectin-3, a \u03b2-galactoside-binding protein with numerous pleiotropic regulatory activities; it mediates various biological processes. Galectin-3 is an extensively studied member due to its broad implications in health and disease and we highlight the need for deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of Galectin-3 as well as the context-dependent mechanisms through which Galectin-3 influences diverse physiological and pathological processes. Literature syntheses and scientific research, as well as clinical and experimental studies, were investigated regarding the biological and pathophysiological actions and implications of Galectin-3 in diseases. The study presents the structure, characteristics, roles, activities, and proinflammatory actions (as a mediator) and anti-inflammatory actions (as a modulator) of Galectin-3, as well as the main groups of diseases in which it is involved or associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, organ fibrosis, and metabolic diseases. The results emphasized the potential of Galectin-3 as an important molecule and highlighted the necessity for further research to improve its approach. This narrative review provides new insights into identifying its functions and the future development and rational design of Galectin-3-directed research strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1779094587000},"page":"1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Galectin-3\u2014A Multifunctional Molecule and a Key Player in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Lupu (Surlea)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Doctoral Studies, Doctoral School of Applied Sciences, Domain Biology, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 58, Ion Voda Street, 900573 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ticuta","family":"Negreanu-Pirjol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 6, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, Campus, Building C, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Biological Sciences Section, 3, Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Biological Sciences Section, 3, Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"S.C. Biotehnos S.A., Gorunului Street, No. 3-5, 075100 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan-Stefan","family":"Negreanu-Pirjol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 6, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, Campus, Building C, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanda","family":"Jurja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1, University Alley, Campus, Building B, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Cristina","family":"Lepadatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1, University Alley, Campus, Building B, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Basa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Analysis Laboratory, \u201cAlexandru Gafencu\u201d Military Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 96, Mamaia Bvd., 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3687-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Rosoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Doctoral Studies, Doctoral School of Applied Sciences, Domain Biology, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 58, Ion Voda Street, 900573 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Biological Sciences Section, 3, Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1, University Alley, Campus, Building B, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciacchitano, S., Lavra, L., Morgante, A., Ulivieri, A., Magi, F., De Francesco, G.P., Bellotti, C., Salehi, L.B., and Ricci, A. 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