{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:08:04Z","timestamp":1785434884917,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ACG Publications","award":["2022\/875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/875"]}]},{"award":["2022\/875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/875"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03c58zh18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Techno Fuel and Chemical Technologies Co."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) and the phenolic profiles of methanol extracts from Satureja boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss. EO analysis by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) identified carvacrol (45.2%), cymene (26.0%) and \u03b3-terpinene (17.5%) as the primary constituents. Phenolic profiles were quantified via Liquid Chromatography\u2013High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), revealing syringic acid (56,647.96 mg\/kg extract), rosmarinic acid (47,777.98 mg\/kg extract) and hesperidin (6353.49 mg\/kg extract) as major components in the extract. The antioxidant potential was evaluated through three distinct radical scavenging assays (DPPH, ABTS and DMPD) and the determination of ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) reducing capacities. Notably, S. boissieri exhibited potent antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 11.74 \u00b5g\/mL for DPPH and 9.90 \u00b5g\/mL for ABTS radical scavenging, demonstrating performance comparable to standard antioxidants such as \u03b1-tocopherol (11.31 and 8.37 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the in vitro inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were evaluated. While both extracts exhibited similar and significant AChE inhibition (35.3% and 32.4%, respectively), the essential oil was notably more potent against BChE than the methanol extract. These findings suggest that S. boissieri is a significant source of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and neuroprotective potential for pharmaceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1779099916000},"page":"1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Phenolic and Essential Oil Constituents of Satureja boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sema","family":"\u00c7ar\u0131k\u00e7\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vocational School, Izmir Demokrasi University, 35140 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"The Sustainable Environmental Studies Application and Research Centre, Izmir Demokrasi University, 35140 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuncay","family":"Dirmenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Necatibey Faculty of Education, Balikesir University, 10145 Balikesir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilhami","family":"Gulcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240 Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Rectorate of Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100 Agr\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet C.","family":"Goren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Troyasil HPLC Column Technologies, Doruk Analitik, Mehmet Akif Mah, Yumurcak Sok, No. 43, Istanbul 34744, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Systematic and Bio-geographic Overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey","volume":"4","author":"Celep","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Volatiles Essent. Oils"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-008X.2744","article-title":"A new annual Satureja (Lamiaceae) Species from Turkey with Molecular Evidence, and Lectotypification of Two Species","volume":"47","author":"Duman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565613","DOI":"10.1080\/01916122.2025.2565613","article-title":"Pollen morphology of Satureja L. (Nepetoideae, Lamiaceae) taxa in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"50","author":"Oztekin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Palynology"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2026, March 27). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Plants of the World Online. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000591-2."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2026, March 27). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Plants of the World Online. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:457575-1."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z, A., \u00c7ar\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, S., Dirmenci, T., Kartal, M., Gulcin, \u0130., and Goren, A. (2025). Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Satureja aintabensis P.H. Davis and Satureja spicigera (K. Koch) Boiss. by LC-HRMS and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticholinergic Activities. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081272"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Les, F., Galiffa, V., C\u00e1sedas, G., Moliner, C., Maggi, F., L\u00f3pez, V., and G\u00f3mez-Rinc\u00f3n, C. (2024). Essential Oils of Two Subspecies of Satureja montana L. against Gastrointestinal Parasite Anisakis simplex and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194640"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"400","article-title":"Review on the Biological Activities and Phytochemistry of the Genus Satureja","volume":"19","author":"Kartal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1043560","article-title":"Pharmacological and Phytochemical Overview on Satureja","volume":"54","author":"Tepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2016.04.003","article-title":"A critical overview on the pharmacological and clinical aspects of popular Satureja species","volume":"9","author":"Jafari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2021.1885512","article-title":"Integrative Review on Ethnobotany, Essential Oil, Phytochemical, Agronomy, Molecular and Pharmacological Properties of Satureja Species","volume":"33","author":"Sefidkon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Commercial and Ethnic Uses of Satureja (Sivri Kekik) Species in Turkey","volume":"67","author":"Dirmenci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ekoloji"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-008X.2712","article-title":"An ethnobotanical review on medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family in Turkey","volume":"46","author":"Selvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2002.9699760","article-title":"Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Satureja boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss","volume":"14","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2002-9-1011","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Some Satureja Essential Oils","volume":"57","author":"Azaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch C"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"259","article-title":"Comparative study on the quantity and chemical composition of essential oil, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of some Iranian native Satureja species under the same conditions","volume":"12","author":"Jafari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants By-Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013714316862","article-title":"Essential Oil Constituents of Satureja boissieri from Turkey","volume":"37","author":"Kurkcuoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"209","article-title":"Polyphenolic Contents, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Satureja boissieri","volume":"37","author":"Aras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12238","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of the Active Components Isolated from Satureja boissieri Hausskn. Ex Boiss. On Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line","volume":"40","author":"Gul","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"467","article-title":"The Lamiaceae family plants ethnobotanical properties, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical studies and their utilization in public or current clinical practices: A review","volume":"19","author":"Gulcin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"380","article-title":"Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Cercis: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.504.2502.3428","article-title":"An Updated Review of Research into Carvacrol and Its Biological Activities","volume":"19","author":"Baser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokajewicz, K., Chodura, M., Lezrag, H.A., Svydenko, L., Nabrdalik, M., Moliszewska, E., Fatmi, S., Hudz, N., and Wieczorek, P.P. (2026). Biological Characterization and Essential Oil Profiles of Eastern European Cultivars of Thymus, Satureja, and Monarda. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020338"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Huang, N., Mao, Q., Shi, J., and Qiu, Y. (2023). Natural Bioactive Compounds in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From the Perspective of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1130253"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_21_25","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"4","author":"Noor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prev. Diagn. Treat. Strateg. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"27","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Satureja boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss. Species from Ad\u0131yaman (Turkey)","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"I\u011fd\u0131r Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.545.2507.3597","article-title":"Phytochemical Variations in Ocimum basilicum L. Cultivars: Essential Oil Composition and Multivariate Chemotype Differentiation","volume":"19","author":"Kirci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_322_19","article-title":"Development of high-performance thin layer chromatography method for identification of phenolic compounds and quantification of rosmarinic acid content in some species of the Lamiaceae family","volume":"12","author":"Shanaida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharma. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, H., Luo, W., Bao, B., Cao, Y., Cheng, F., Yu, S., Fan, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., and Shan, M. (2022). A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103292"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"82","article-title":"Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Two Satureja Species by LC-HRMS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Anti-Alzheimer Capacity","volume":"19","author":"Karta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113672","article-title":"In vitro Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activity of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. Subcritical Water Extract","volume":"169","author":"Pezo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/i8101013","article-title":"Antioxidant Potential, Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition and Antimicrobial Activities of Satureja montana L. subsp. kitaibelii Extracts","volume":"8","author":"Djilas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400183","article-title":"Antioxidant Capacity and Chemical Profiles of Satureja montana L. Honey: Hotrienol and Syringyl Derivatives as Biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Tuberoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.069","article-title":"Syringic acid (SA)\u2014A Review of its Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Pharmacological and Industrial Importance","volume":"108","author":"Srinivasulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacoter."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.25135\/jcm.2311.2956","article-title":"Quantification of Main Secondary Metabolites of Satureja icarica P.H. Davis (Lamiaceae) by LC-HRMS and Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacities","volume":"17","author":"Goren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"674","article-title":"Quantification of Secondary Metabolites of Satureja pilosa (Lamiaceae) by LC-HRMS and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cholinergic Activities","volume":"18","author":"Gulcin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"34","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Satureja aintabensis PH Davis","volume":"5","author":"Dirmenci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coban, F., Lan, Y., Yetisgin, G., Yuca, H., Ayd\u0131n, B., Ang\u0131n, H., Demirci, B., and Karakaya, S. (2025). Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Satureja montana L. and Satureja hortensis L.: Culinary Herbs with Antidiabetic, Anticholinesterase, and Antioxidant Potential. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332178"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuzimski, T., and Petruczynik, A. (2022). Determination of anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease activity of selected plant ingredients. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103222"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2019-0208","article-title":"Composition of the Essential Oil of Satureja metastasiantha: A New Species for the Flora of Turkey","volume":"75","author":"Carikci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.054","article-title":"Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities of Savoury (Satureja thymbra L.) with Identified Major Terpenes of the Essential Oil","volume":"134","author":"Ozturk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2008-7-813","article-title":"Activity of Essential Oils and Individual Components Against Acetyl and Butyrylcholinesterase","volume":"63","author":"Orhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Longo, G., and Rakesh, D.D. (2008). Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"124","article-title":"Determination of the Effect of Different Drying Methods on Secondary Metabolites of Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. subsp. cariensis (Boiss.) Upson & S. Andrews by LC-HRMS","volume":"18","author":"Selvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"EURACHEM\/CITAC (2000). Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurements, Eurachem. [2nd ed.]. Guide CG4."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of A Stable Free Radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360701626223","article-title":"Measurement of Antioxidant Ability of Melatonin and Serotonin by the DMPD and CUPRAC Methods as Trolox Equivalent","volume":"23","author":"Gulcin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"146","article-title":"Determination of secondary metabolites of Cydonia oblonga (Quince) by LC-MS\/MS method together with evaluation of its antioxidant and cholinergic potentials","volume":"18","author":"Dikici","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"147","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from section Majorana (Mill.) Benth of Origanum L. species extracts via validated LC-MS\/MS method","volume":"16","author":"Dirmenci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu, M., Bing\u00f6l, Z., U\u00e7, E.M., K\u00f6ksal, E., G\u00f6ren, A.C., Alwasel, S.H., and G\u00fcl\u00e7in, \u0130. (2023). Comprehensive metabolite profiling of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaf oil using LC-HR\/MS, GC\/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of antiglaucoma, antioxidant, anticholinergic, and antidiabetic profiles. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010136"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"643","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Anti-Alzheimer Effects of Capsella bursa-pastoris-Polyphenolic profiling by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"18","author":"Polat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15803-1","article-title":"In Silico and in Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Eight Anatolian Salvia Species with Chemical Profiling by LC-HRMS","volume":"15","author":"Dincel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:26:15Z","timestamp":1779099975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31101710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31101710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}