{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:11:05Z","timestamp":1779192665899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence suggests that a gluten-free diet may increase the risk of metabolic abnormalities associated with cardiovascular disease in adults with Coeliac Disease (CeD). This 9-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised pilot study investigated the effects of a combined supplement containing probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 and plant sterols and stanols, on cardiometabolic biomarkers and gut microbiota diversity and composition in adults with CeD and hypercholesterolaemia. Blood lipid profiles and vitamin D concentrations were analysed, and gut microbiota was profiled via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. In the active group, significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B were observed at multiple time points during the treatment phase, with changes generally greater in magnitude compared with the placebo group. Vitamin D levels also increased in the active group during supplementation. Microbiota analysis revealed potentially beneficial changes in participants receiving the active formulation, including higher alpha diversity and higher proportions of Bifidobacterium spp., Christensenellaceae R-7 group, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group. Overall, this feasibility study provides exploratory findings that a combined Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402-phytosterol formulation may support lipid management and beneficially modulate gut microbiota in adults with CeD, particularly for those seeking non-pharmacological approaches to improving cardiometabolic health biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:53:10Z","timestamp":1779191590000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 and Plant Sterol Supplement May Improve Lipids and Gut Microbiota in Coeliac Adults: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Human Intervention Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Costabile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7690-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorretta Olu","family":"Fagbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6969-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Soldaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Siniscalchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ruotolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC GSSS\/PL Servizio di Dietetica e Nutrizione Clinica, Via Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5229-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1431-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Brigidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Turroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Kolida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OptiBiotix Health PLC, York YO10 5DG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Jeanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education, Research & Professional Practice Team-British Dietetic Association, Birmingham B3 2TA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Ciacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.965624","article-title":"Nationwide cohort study of risk of ischemic heart disease in patients with celiac disease","volume":"123","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_551_17","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility for celiac disease is highly prevalent in the Saudi population","volume":"24","author":"Alharthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.03.042","article-title":"New Insights on Genes, Gluten, and Immunopathogenesis of Celiac Disease","volume":"167","author":"Abadie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2010016","article-title":"The gluten-free diet: Safety and nutritional quality","volume":"2","author":"Saturni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krupa-Kozak, U., and Drabi\u0144ska, N. (2016). Calcium in Gluten-Free Life: Health-Related and Nutritional Implications. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5030051"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1065-4","article-title":"In Vitro Bioavailability of Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper from Gluten-Free Breads Supplemented with Natural Additives","volume":"182","author":"Regula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12502","article-title":"An investigation into the nutritional composition and cost of gluten-free versus regular food products in the UK","volume":"31","author":"Fry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeanes, Y., Spitale, A., Nicolini, G., Bergmann, V., Fagbemi, L., Rasheid, R., Hovland, C., and Costabile, A. (2022). Calcium and Iron Content of Cereal-Based Gluten-Free Products. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11142001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01225.x","article-title":"Low plasma cholesterol: A correlate of nondiagnosed celiac disease in adults with hypochromic anemia","volume":"94","author":"Ciacci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13062","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet","volume":"41","author":"Tortora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.04.001","article-title":"Impact of gluten-free diet on cardiovascular risk factors. A retrospective analysis in a large cohort of coeliac patients","volume":"45","author":"Zanini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v9.i5.448","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease in recently diagnosed celiac disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00136","article-title":"Patients with celiac disease are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome and fatty liver","volume":"19","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105426","article-title":"The spectrum of differences between childhood and adulthood celiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Ciccocioppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dogra, S.K., Dor\u00e9, J., and Damak, S. (2020). Gut microbiota resilience: Definition, link to health and strategies for intervention. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.572921"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020322118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020322118","article-title":"Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Leonard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109653","article-title":"Gut microbiota as an \u201cinvisible organ\u201d that modulates the function of drugs","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101951","article-title":"The role of microbiome in the development of gluten-related disorders","volume":"72","author":"Catassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000749","article-title":"Probiotics for celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"Seiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.195131","article-title":"Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease","volume":"59","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/gidisord6010008","article-title":"Probiotic interventions in coeliac disease: A systematic review with a focus on cardiovascular risk","volume":"6","author":"Fagbemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costabile, A., Buttarazzi, I., Kolida, S., Quercia, S., Baldini, J., Swann, J.R., Brigidi, P., and Gibson, G.R. (2017). An in vivo assessment of the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 in normal to mildly hypercholesterolaemic adults. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187964"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.104939","article-title":"The cholesterol lowering efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 in hypercholesterolemic adults: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, pilot human intervention study","volume":"89","author":"Keleszade","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.095125","article-title":"Continuous Dose-Response Relationship of the LDL-Cholesterol\u2013Lowering Effect of Phytosterol Intake","volume":"139","author":"Demonty","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043","article-title":"Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"232","author":"Gylling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkas, F., Nomikos, T., Liberopoulos, E., Klouras, E., Anastasiou, G., Filippas-Ntekouan, S., Elisaf, M., and Rizos, E.C. (2023). Plant Sterols and Plant Stanols in Cholesterol Management and Cardiovascular Prevention. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132845"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_28.1","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2012). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to 3 g\/day plant sterols\/stanols and lowering blood LDL-cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 19 of Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_28.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 10, 2693."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F., and Martorell, R. (1988). Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, Human Kinetics Books."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costabile, A., Corona, G., Sarnsamak, K.K., Atar-Zwillenberg, D., Yit, C., King, A.J., Vauzour, D., Barone, M., Turroni, S., and Brigidi, P. (2022). Wholegrain fermentation affects gut microbiota composition, phenolic acid metabolism and pancreatic beta cell function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1004679"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fabbrini, M. (2026, May 14). 16S-KrakenBracken-Pipeline (0.2.3) [Computer Program]. GitHub. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/FabbriniMarco\/16S-KrakenBracken-Pipeline."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00900-2","article-title":"Ultrafast and accurate 16S rRNA microbial community analysis using Kraken 2","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Yang, S. (2026, May 14). Summarizing OTU Table Regarding the Composition, Abundance and Beta Diversity of Abundant and Rare Biospheres (0.1.2) [Computer Program]. GitHub. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/cam315\/otuSummary."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). Phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Fabbrini, M., and Conti, G. (2026, May 14). microbAIDeR\u2014An Ensemble of Functions for Easier and Quicker Preliminary Microbiome Analyses (0.3.0) [Computer Program]. GitHub. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/FabbriniMarco\/microbAIDeR\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer. Available online: https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Public Health England (2016). Government Dietary Recommendations Government Recommendations for Energy and Nutrients for Males and Females Aged 1\u201318 Years and 19+ Years, Public Health England. GOV.UK."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2019). Results from Years 9 to 11, NDNS."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) (2015). Carbohydrates and Health Report, SACN."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42665."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31809-9","article-title":"Carbohydrate quality and human health: A series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"393","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x","article-title":"Health benefits of dietary fiber","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.04.005","article-title":"The value and significance of 25(OH) and 1,25(OH) vitamin D serum levels in adult coeliac patients: A review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Zingone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.3.1729-1738.2006","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics","volume":"72","author":"Begley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.015","article-title":"Characterization of Lactobacillus plantarum PH04, a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects","volume":"113","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000066757","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of celiac adults on gluten-free diet: Prevalence and correlates of intestinal damage","volume":"66","author":"Ciacci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vici, G., Camilletti, D., and Polzonetti, V. (2020). Possible role of vitamin D in celiac disease onset. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041051"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqae017","article-title":"Modelling the influence of vitamin D and probiotic supplementation on the microbiome and immune response","volume":"41","author":"Franks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001023","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation in Celiac Patients With Persistent IBS-type Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Trial","volume":"53","author":"Francavilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2023.101201","article-title":"Impact of probiotics on gut microbiota composition and clinical symptoms of coeliac disease patients following gluten-free diet","volume":"35","author":"Yadegar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belei, O., Jug\u0103naru, I., Basaca, D.G., Munteanu, A.I., and M\u0103rginean, O. (2023). The Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Celiac Disease and Further Therapeutic Perspectives. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102039"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waters, J.L., and Ley, R.E. (2019). The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health. BMC Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0699-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311326","article-title":"The effect of heritability and host genetics on the gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix153","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix153","article-title":"Identification of universal gut microbial biomarkers of common human intestinal diseases by meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Mancabelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0248-8","article-title":"Role of Gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589493","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2589493","article-title":"Regulation of sterol metabolism by gut microbiota and its relevance to disease","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, R., Guo, Z., Gan, H., He, Q., Huang, S., Yin, M., Tang, C., Wu, X., Chen, S., and Huang, X. (2025). Effects of Phytosterols on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes, and Fecal Microbiota in Finishing Pigs. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091188"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0422","article-title":"Dietary phytosterols improves the metabolic status of perinatal cows as evidenced by plasma metabolomics and faecal microbial metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miszczuk, E., G\u0142\u0105b, S., \u0141aszkiewicz-Tomanek, M., Ciesielska, A., and Szyma\u0144ska, E. (2024). Phytosterols and the Digestive System: A Review Study from Insights into Their Potential Health Benefits and Safety. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050557"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Kim, S.Y., Kim, H.W., Ryoo, S., Oh, H.J., Lee, J.H., Kang, K., and Myung, H.J. (2022). High Dose Intramuscular Vitamin D3 Supplementation Impacts the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Clostridioides Difficile Infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.904987"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellerba, F., Muirhead, V., Cortese, F., D\u2019Auria, G., Marzorati, M., Licata, M., Pala, V., and Gnagnarella, P. (2021). The Association between Vitamin D and Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103378"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00926-7","article-title":"Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Homma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.05.008","article-title":"The effect of a combination of plant sterol-enriched foods in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"26","author":"Madsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00086-6","article-title":"Effects of apolipoprotein B on lifespan and risks of major diseases including type 2 diabetes: A mendelian randomisation analysis using outcomes in first-degree relatives","volume":"2","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001100","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2024-001100","article-title":"Coeliac disease and microbiota: Is it time for personalised biotics intervention? A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Valitutti","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Borromeo, S., Cavioni, A., Gasparri, C., Gattone, I., Genovese, E., Lazzarotti, A., Minonne, L., Moroni, A., and Patelli, Z. (2025). Therapeutic Strategies to Modulate Gut Microbial Health: Approaches for Chronic Metabolic Disorder Management. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020127"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Gut-Heart Connection: Unraveling Cardiovascular Risks in Celiac Disease","volume":"33","author":"Eng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5","article-title":"Redrawing the gut map: Evolving probiotic approaches to microbiota modulation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"119","author":"Vaghela","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antonie Van. Leeuwenhoek"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:54:02Z","timestamp":1779191642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31101722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31101722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}}}