{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:11:51Z","timestamp":1792005111560,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoestrogens are plant-derived phenolic compounds that structurally resemble endogenous estrogens and can exert both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects in animals. In ruminant nutrition, the main classes of phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, stilbenes, coumestans and selected flavonoids) are supplied predominantly by legume forages and soybean-based feeds, in which concentrations can reach several mg\/g of dry matter. After ingestion, these compounds are extensively metabolized by the rumen microbiota to derivatives with altered biological potency, such as equol and p-ethyl-phenol, which influence endocrine, immune and metabolic pathways. Experimental and field studies in cattle, sheep and goats indicate that dietary phytoestrogens may improve nitrogen utilization, immune competence, growth performance, antioxidant status and milk yield. However, they can also impair fertility, modify hormone profiles and compromise embryo survival in a compound-, dose-, and species-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the botanical and nutritional sources, ruminal metabolism and transfer of phytoestrogens in ruminants, and critically examine their effects on blood metabolites, immune responses, growth and carcass traits and lactational performance and reproductive function. A structured literature search based on PRISMA principles was used to identify and appraise experimental and observational studies in both grazing and intensive production systems up to 2025. Remaining knowledge gaps and practical implications for the safe use of phytoestrogen-rich feeds in livestock production are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:53:10Z","timestamp":1779191590000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Diets Containing Phytoestrogen on Livestock Production: Nutrient Utilization, Carcass Traits, Lactational Performance, and Reproductive Function\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sina","family":"Salimolnafs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5233-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maghsoud","family":"Besharati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Azhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3523-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"De Palo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric N.","family":"Ponnampalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystems Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Formerly Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelfattah Z. M.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristide","family":"Maggiolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5937\/savteh1702096N","article-title":"Classification and biological activity of phytoestrogens: A review","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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