{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:57:39Z","timestamp":1792180659906,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, through internal funds allocated for statutory research activities"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c5jwj47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cMinigranty 2023\u201d program at the Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144","award":["AKRS.480.3.511.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKRS.480.3.511.2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with redox imbalance; however, the early temporal changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant responses are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in selected oxidative stress markers during the early phase of AIS. The study was designed as a longitudinal within-subject analysis, with each patient serving as their own reference between day 1 and day 8. A total of 48 patients (mean age 69.31 \u00b1 1.59 years; 56.3% male; mean body mass index (BMI) 27.05 \u00b1 0.61 kg\/m2), predominantly presenting with mild to moderate stroke severity, were enrolled in a prospective observational study. The cohort was characterized by a high prevalence of hypertension (87.5%), dyslipidemia (45.8%), and diabetes or prediabetes (45.9%). Blood samples were collected on day 1 and day 8 after stroke onset. Depending on the distribution of paired differences, either the paired Student\u2019s t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied. A significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed (1932.73 vs. 2086.55 U\/g Hb, p = 0.032), whereas catalase (CAT; 403.19 vs. 415.30 \u00d7 103 U\/g Hb, p = 0.444) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx; 24.70 vs. 24.40 U\/g Hb, p = 0.477) showed no significant changes. Similarly, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels remained stable in both erythrocytes (182.96 vs. 187.15 nmol\/g Hb, p = 0.838) and plasma (0.41 vs. 0.41 nmol\/mL, p = 0.922). In contrast, melatonin (59.65 vs. 55.49 pg\/mL, p = 0.042) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D; 19.31 vs. 16.52 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001) concentrations significantly decreased. These findings suggest that the early phase of AIS may be associated with a selective and potentially maladaptive antioxidant response, involving increased SOD activity alongside depletion of systemic modulators, which may contribute to persistent redox imbalance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:29:58Z","timestamp":1779355798000},"page":"1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Redox Imbalance and Antioxidant Adaptation in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Temporal Changes in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5044-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Garbarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6319-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Karolina","family":"Markiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8245-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Rzepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2994-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Glazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Szewczyk-Golec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kukulska-Pawluczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 9 M. Sk\u0142odowskiej\u2014Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Soja-Kukie\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Statistical Analysis, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Chopina 12\/18 St., 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1378-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Nuszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and Its Risk Factors, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Feigin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca","article-title":"An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century","volume":"44","author":"Sacco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, S., Nadeem, A., Akram, U., Sarwar, A., Quraishi, A., Siddiqui, H., Malik, M.A.J., Nabi, M., Ul Haq, I., and Cho, A. (2024). Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Stroke: A Review Integrating Clinical Imaging and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040812"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Luo, B., Shang, T., Wei, Z., and Zou, W. (2026). Cerebral Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury: Unraveling the Mitophagy\u2013Oxidative Stress Axis for Neuroprotective Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052448"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00398","article-title":"Acute and Chronic Excitotoxicity in Ischemic Stroke and Late-Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Aging: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Jung, U.J., and Kim, S.R. (2024). Role of Oxidative Stress in Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Disruption and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121462"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trofin, D.-M., Sardaru, D.-P., Trofin, D., Onu, I., Tutu, A., Onu, A., Onit\u0103, C., Galaction, A.I., and Matei, D.V. (2025). Oxidative Stress in Brain Function. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030297"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114345","article-title":"Could a Lipid Oxidative Biomarker Be Applied to Improve Risk Stratification in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?","volume":"160","author":"Bertolami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manful, C.F., Fordjour, E., Subramaniam, D., Sey, A.A., Abbey, L., and Thomas, R. (2025). Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species: Shaping Human Health and Disease Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157520"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golenia, A., and Olejnik, P. (2025). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Ischaemic Stroke and the Influence of Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050542"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawluk, H., Tafelska-Kaczmarek, A., Sopo\u0144ska, M., Porzych, M., Modrzejewska, M., Pawluk, M., Kurhaluk, N., Tkaczenko, H., and Ko\u0142odziejska, R. (2024). The Influence of Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091130"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2009.00387.x","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Ischaemic Stroke","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadanandan, N., Cozene, B., Cho, J., Park, Y.J., Saft, M., Gonzales-Portillo, B., and Borlongan, C.V. (2020). Melatonin\u2014A Potent Therapeutic for Stroke and Stroke-Related Dementia. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080672"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietruszkiewicz, J., Mrozek, K., Zwierz, M., Wi\u0144ska, A., Suprunowicz, M., Oracz, A.J., and Waszkiewicz, N. (2025). The Neuroprotective Potential of Vitamin D3. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203202"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0218erban, M., Toader, C., and Covache-Busuioc, R.-A. (2025). The Redox Revolution in Brain Medicine: Targeting Oxidative Stress with AI, Multi-Omics and Mitochondrial Therapies for the Precision Eradication of Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157498"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, F.Z., Lefter, R., Jaber, H., Balmus, I.-M., Ciobica, A., and Iordache, A.-C. (2023). The Role of Potential Oxidative Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Exploration of Antioxidants as Possible Preventive and Treatment Options. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076389"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverstein, H.R., Rizvanov, A.A., Haines, D.D., Mahmoud, F.F., Rose, S.C., Solovyeva, V.V., Kitaeva, K.V., and Tosaki, A. (2026). The Simultaneous Prevention of Multiple Diseases: A \u201cOne Ring to Rule Them All\u201d Framework for Redox-Driven Health and Longevity. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18061007"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Bishayee, K., Park, S., Lee, U., and Kim, J. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Cerebrovascular Disease and Associated Diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1124419"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozo Gir\u00e1ldez, A., Bravo G\u00f3mez, A., Calmarza, P., Sienes Bailo, P., Dayaldasani Khialani, A., Montolio Breva, S., Sainz-Pastor, N., and Fort Gallifa, I. (2026). Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Vascular Damage and Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021075"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00131.2021","article-title":"Mitochondrial Redox Regulation and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2023.11.007","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase and Neurological Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2295","article-title":"Antioxidant Profile and Early Outcome in Stroke Patients","volume":"31","author":"Cherubini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.12.2425","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Serum of Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemic Injury","volume":"28","author":"Spranger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00166.x","article-title":"Malondialdehyde, Glutathione Peroxidase and Superoxide Dismutase in Peripheral Blood Erythrocytes of Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"8","author":"Demirkaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9761697","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9761697","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Markers and Their Dynamic Changes in Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., Xu, W., and Chen, Q. (2023). The Applications and Mechanisms of Superoxide Dismutase in Medicine, Food, and Cosmetics. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091675"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-59010","article-title":"Multifaceted Roles of Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) in Cellular Homeostasis and Cancer Progression: Redox Regulation and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"44","author":"Aydemir","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0742-6","article-title":"Serum Antioxidant Enzymes Activities and Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: Influence on Neurological Status and Outcome","volume":"128","author":"Milanlioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-015-2425-z","article-title":"Redox Status in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Correlation with Clinical Outcome","volume":"406","author":"Paspalj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10340","DOI":"10.5812\/modernc.10340","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Serum and Red Blood Cell of Patients with Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Case-Control Study","volume":"13","author":"Valavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Care J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1159\/000520856","article-title":"Do Concentration or Activity of Selenoproteins Change in Acute Stroke Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"51","author":"Tamburrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000077662","article-title":"Antioxidant Status in Acute Stroke Patients and Patients at Stroke Risk","volume":"51","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111065","article-title":"The Role of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 in Neuronal Ferroptosis and Its Therapeutic Potential in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"217","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashi, Y., Aratake, T., Shimizu, T., Shimizu, S., and Saito, M. (2021). Protective Role of Glutathione in the Hippocampus after Brain Ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157765"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebghatollahi, Z., Yogesh, R., Mahato, N., Kumar, V., Mohanta, Y.K., Baek, K.-H., and Mishra, A.K. (2025). Signaling Pathways in Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Phytochemical Therapeutic Interventions. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040457"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0262-y","article-title":"The Differences in the Cellular and Plasma Antioxidative Capacity Between Transient and Defined Focal Brain Ischemia: Does It Suggest Supporting Time-Dependent Neuroprotection Therapy?","volume":"36","author":"Ljubisavljevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernoud-Hubac, N., Lo Van, A., Lazar, A.-N., and Lagarde, M. (2024). Ischemic Brain Injury: Involvement of Lipids in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060634"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402675","article-title":"Evaluating the Role of Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Menon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorente, L., Mart\u00edn, M.M., Abreu-Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Ramos, L., Argueso, M., Sol\u00e9-Viol\u00e1n, J., Ria\u00f1o-Ruiz, M., and Jim\u00e9nez, A. (2015). Serum Malondialdehyde Levels in Patients with Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction Are Associated with Mortality. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125893"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935544","article-title":"Serum Glutathione and Malondialdehyde Levels as Predictors of Early Neurological Deficits and Short-Term Outcomes in Acute Cerebral Infarction","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, M., Brinholi, F.F., Michelin, A.P., Matsumoto, A.K., de Oliveira Seme\u00e3o, L., Almulla, A.F., Supasitthumrong, T., Tunvirachaisakul, C., and Barbosa, D.S. (2023). In Mild and Moderate Acute Ischemic Stroke, Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Are Strongly Associated with Disabilities and Final Stroke Core Volume. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010188"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02967089","article-title":"Ascorbate and Malondialdehyde in Stroke Patients","volume":"163","author":"Sharpe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2023.02.002","article-title":"Oxidative Stress as a Bridge between Age and Stroke: A Narrative Review","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intensive Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-015-9600-5","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation in Brain or Spinal Cord Mitochondria after Injury","volume":"48","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an Antioxidant: Under Promises but over Delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Xu, Z., Huang, L., Huang, Y., Tu, S., Xu, L., and Liu, D. (2024). The Potential Influence of Melatonin on Mitochondrial Quality Control: A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1332567"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12162","article-title":"Melatonin: A Well-documented Antioxidant with Conditional Pro-oxidant Actions","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672026302380240307091232","article-title":"Lower Melatonin Indicates Poor Short-Term Prognosis in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e90042","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Role in Pathologies of Oxidative Stress: A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Dentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0846-3","article-title":"Low Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Are Associated with Stroke Recurrence and Poor Functional Outcomes in Patients with Ischemic Stroke","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vergatti, A., Abate, V., Zarrella, A., Manganelli, F., Tozza, S., Iodice, R., De Filippo, G., D\u2019Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., and Rendina, D. (2023). 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D and Risk of Recurrent Stroke: A Dose Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030512"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.-S., Lee, J.S., Chung, S.J., and Soh, Y. (2023). Association between Vitamin D and Short-Term Functional Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234957"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borowicz, W., Ptaszkowska, L., Ma\u0142ecki, R., and Paprocka-Borowicz, M. (2025). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Functional Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation After an Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective, Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061848"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-N., and Tain, Y.-L. (2026). Melatonin as a Redox Modulator in Developmental Programming: Implications for Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052390"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minich, D.M., Henning, M., Darley, C., Fahoum, M., Schuler, C.B., and Frame, J. (2022). Is Melatonin the \u201cNext Vitamin D\u201d?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193934"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0405","article-title":"Melatonin as an Antioxidant Agent in Stroke: An Updated Review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The Role of Superoxide Anion in the Autoxidation of Epinephrine and a Simple Assay for Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50881-X","article-title":"A Spectrophotometric Method for Measuring the Breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by Catalase","volume":"195","author":"Beers","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Erythrocyte Glutathione Peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41272-5","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Studies: XIV. The Crystallographic and Optical Properties of the Hemoglobin of Man in Comparison with Those of Other Species","volume":"164","author":"Drabkin","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","article-title":"Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"52","author":"Buege","year":"1978","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86134-H","article-title":"Determination of Aldehydic Lipid Peroxidation Products: Malonaldehyde and 4-Hydroxynonenal","volume":"186","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:31:40Z","timestamp":1779355900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/10\/1767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31101767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31101767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}}}