{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:43:53Z","timestamp":1790999033763,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Research Council"},{"name":"JSC \u201cCenter for International Programs\u201d, Bolashaq International Scholarship of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["09\/2320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/2320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron-exchanged bentonites derived from a natural montmorillonite-rich clay (Taganskoe deposit, Kazakhstan) were prepared through a simple aqueous ion-exchange route using Fe(II) or Fe(III) inorganic salt precursors, yielding final Fe contents of ca. 5\u20137 wt.%, while preserving the smectite layered framework. A mild thermal treatment under air was applied to tune iron coordination without triggering major structural collapse. The resulting materials were characterized by ED-XRF, PXRD, FE-SEM\/EDX, DLS\/\u03b6-potential and DR UV\u2013Vis\u2013NIR spectroscopy, revealing predominantly exchanged Fe species with a limited fraction of surface iron-oxide clusters, whose contribution increases after activation. Structure\u2013reactivity relationships were probed under mild conditions in liquid-phase ethyl acetate using dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) as organophosphorus and organosulfur hazardous chemicals and chemical warfare agent simulants, respectively. Fe(III)-bentonite enabled very fast DMMP removal (ca. 93% within 0.5 h) with a remarkable improved performance with respect to Fe(II)-bentonite and the pristine mineral clay. For 2-CEES, the presence of H2O2 markedly enhanced oxidation on Fe-containing clays, reaching quantitative abatement within 24 h (up to &gt;90%), with strong retention of oxidized sulfur products by the clay matrix. These results highlight Fe-exchanged natural bentonites as robust, cheap and multifunctional adsorption\/catalytic solids for decontamination and water-treatment applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:06:07Z","timestamp":1779365167000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fe-Exchanged Natural Bentonites from Kazakhstan as Multifunctional Solids for Decontamination from Hazardous Chemicals: Structure\u2013Reactivity Relationships Under Mild Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3609-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Econdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR\u2013SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sholpan","family":"Nazarkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR\u2013SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Av., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR\u2013SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Viale T. 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