{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:15:59Z","timestamp":1785723359560,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) Competitive Support for Unrated Researchers","award":["SRUG2203291031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG2203291031"]}]},{"name":"5th BRICS STI Framework Programme","award":["BRICS JAF # 2021\/305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRICS JAF # 2021\/305"]}]},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003hsr719","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising incidence of viral infections demands the creation of innovative, biocompatible antiviral drugs with broad-spectrum effectiveness. This study combines the green synthesis, optimization, and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) extract, assessing their antiviral, and antimicrobial characteristics. AgNPs were synthesized through the bio-reduction of silver nitrate with D. edulis water extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The synthesis was refined through a Design of Experiments methodology. The characterization techniques, UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, validated the successful synthesis of AgNPs with an average size of 101.56 \u00b1 28.22 nm (TEM) and 156 \u00b1 0.81 nm (DLS), a polydispersity index of 0.34, and a zeta potential of \u221222 mV. High-resolution liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified some bioactive compounds which enhance the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of the samples. Enzyme kinetics experiments revealed substantial inhibitory efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PL-pro), with AgNPs exhibiting a lower IC50 (0.271 \u00b1 0.051 mg\/mL) than the D. edulis extract (0.337 \u00b1 0.043 mg\/mL). The AgNPs exhibited MIC of 0.063 mg\/mL for E. coli, 0.125 mg\/mL for S. aureus and 0.08 mg\/mL for S. pyrogens. The corresponding MBC values were 0.125 mg\/mL, 0.25 mg\/mL and 0.31 mg\/mL, respectively. The fungal strains C. glabrata and C. albicans displayed MIC of 0.63 mg\/mL and 0.31 mg\/mL, respectively, and MBC values of 0.63 mg\/mL and 0.31 mg\/mL, respectively. This study underscores the potential of D. edulis-derived AgNPs as a cost-efficient, environmentally sustainable, and highly bioactive antibacterial and antiviral nanomaterial, facilitating the advancement of nanotechnology-based therapies for viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1779718222000},"page":"1821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Green Synthesis and Quality-by-Design Optimization of Dacryodes edulis-Derived Silver Nanoparticles with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6591-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jabulile H.","family":"Xulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuyelwa J.","family":"Tembu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0256-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Moeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bienvenu","family":"Tsakem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vuyisile S.","family":"Thibane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bwalya A.","family":"Witika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Siwe Noundou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, February 01). Africa Catalysing Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science for the Health of People and the Planet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/who-global-traditional-medicine-centre\/overview."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xulu, J.H., Ndongwe, T., Ezealisiji, K.M., Tembu, V.J., Mncwangi, N.P., Witika, B.A., and Siwe-Noundou, X. (2022). The Use of Medicinal Plant-Derived Metallic Nanoparticles in Theranostics. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112437"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., and Demain, A.L. (2005). Natural Products: Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Medicine, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-976-9"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"41","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"13","author":"Salem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13237-022-00405-3","article-title":"Plant-Derived Natural Products for Drug Discovery: Current Approaches and Prospects","volume":"65","author":"Nasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural Products in Drug Discovery: Advances and Opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., and Piao, G. (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050559"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious Disease in an Era of Global Change","volume":"20","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spernovasilis, N., Tsiodras, S., and Poulakou, G. (2022). Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases: Humankind\u2019s Companions and Competitors. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010098"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.09.008","article-title":"Antiviral Potentials of Medicinal Plants","volume":"131","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beressa, T.B., Deyno, S., Mtewa, A.G., Aidah, N., Tuyiringire, N., Lukubye, B., Weisheit, A., Tolo, C.U., and Ogwang, P.E. (2021). Potential Benefits of Antiviral African Medicinal Plants in the Management of Viral Infections: Systematic Review. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.682794"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113101","article-title":"A Review on Traditionally Used South African Medicinal Plants, Their Secondary Metabolites and Their Potential Development into Anticancer Agents","volume":"261","author":"Twilley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S315705","article-title":"Antiviral Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Bioactivity, Better Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.05.084","article-title":"Nutritional Compositions and Bioactivities of Dacryodes Species: A Review","volume":"165","author":"Tee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Phytochemical Study and Antibacterial Activities of the Seed Extract of Dacryodes edulis (African Native Pear)","volume":"5","author":"Nwokonkwo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1795","article-title":"Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Analysis of Dacryodes edulis against Selected Clinical Bacterial Isolates","volume":"8","author":"Amise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.10.002","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Survey for Potential Anti-Malarial Plants in South-Western Nigeria","volume":"144","author":"Dike","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.17348\/era.10.0.175-184","article-title":"Ethnobotany of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam in Southern Nigeria 1: Practices and Applications among the Yoruba Speaking People","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethnobot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening and Medicinal Potentials of the Bark of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) HJ Lam","volume":"2","author":"Ogboru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"84","article-title":"A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiles, Spiritual and Economic Values, and Toxicity of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam","volume":"6","author":"Olivier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08459","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Hagenia Abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel Plant Leaf Extract and Their Antibacterial and Anti-Oxidant Activities","volume":"7","author":"Melkamu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaqat, N., Jahan, N., Anwar, T., and Qureshi, H. (2022). Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity Study by Hemolysis Assay. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.952006"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10091727","article-title":"Optimization of Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated and Response Surface Methodology\u2014Preliminary Antibacterial Activity","volume":"10","author":"Design","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.07.037","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Chemically Synthesized AgNPs and Biosynthesized Pongamia Pinnata Leaf Extract Mediated AgNPs\u2014A Comparative Study","volume":"134","author":"Priya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-022-00297-x","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Dietary Antioxidant Rutin and Its Biological Contour","volume":"11","author":"Kubavat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2015.01.002","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles with High Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity to Normal Cells","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2011). Nanoparticles. Vocabulary (Standard No. PAS 71:2011)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-020-00176-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Methanol Extract of Dacryodes edulis Seed and Determination of Phytochemical Composition Using FTIR and GCMS","volume":"3","author":"Ikpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"8869281","article-title":"The Aqueous Extract of Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) Leaves Inhibits Cell Proliferation Induced by Estradiol on the Uterus and Vagina of Ovariectomized Female Wistar Rats","volume":"2020","author":"Mvondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.09.007","article-title":"Factors Influencing Levels of Phytochemicals in Selected Fruit and Vegetables during Pre- and Post-Harvest Food Processing Operations","volume":"50","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"71","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Fractioned Components from Dacryodes edulis: Invitro Study","volume":"31","author":"Olasunkanmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.01.057","article-title":"Extraction and Quantification of Saponins: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Cheok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9376-4","article-title":"Comparative Metabolite Profiling and Fingerprinting of Genus Passiflora Leaves Using a Multiplex Approach of UPLC-MS and NMR Analyzed by Chemometric Tools","volume":"408","author":"Farag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6550-1","article-title":"Strategy for Quantifying Trace Levels of BMAA in Cyanobacteria by LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"405","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMPS\/2017\/33831","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Dacryodes edulis Methanolic Leaf Extract","volume":"14","author":"Oyetunji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Periferakis, K., Badarau, I.A., Petran, E.M., Popa, D.C., Caruntu, A., Costache, R.S., Scheau, C., Caruntu, C., and Costache, D.O. (2022). Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315054"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2018.5386","article-title":"Metal Nanoparticles Synthesis through Natural Phenolic Acids","volume":"13","author":"Amini","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.03.011","article-title":"Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Rooibos Food Ingredient Extracts","volume":"27","author":"Joubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"229","article-title":"Phenolic Acids from Ginkgo Biloba L. Part II. Quantitative Analysis of Free and Liberated by Hydrolysis Phenolic Acids","volume":"54","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.519390","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acids","volume":"49","author":"Kartal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e01332","article-title":"Isolation and Characterizati0on of 3,3\u2032-Di-O-Methyl Ellagic Acid from the Root Bark of Afzelia africana and Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"17","author":"Vigbedor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3002","article-title":"Fragmentation of 3-hydroxyflavone; a Computational and Mass Spectrometric Study","volume":"21","author":"Lewars","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NP00073D","article-title":"Fragmentation Reactions Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: An Important Tool for the Structural Elucidation and Characterization of Synthetic and Natural Products","volume":"33","author":"Demarque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"6","article-title":"Studies on Dacryodes edulis III: Isolation and Characterization of Gallic Acid from Methanolic Extract of Raw (Untreated) Seeds of Dacryodes edulis and Its Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"41","author":"Igoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Niger."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9592-y","article-title":"Recent Advances in Extraction and Analysis Procedures of Natural Chlorogenic Acids","volume":"18","author":"Wianowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7492","article-title":"Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles with Chlorogenic Acid as a Bioreducing Agent","volume":"13","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.02.005","article-title":"HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity of Flavones and Chlorogenic Acid Derivatives from Moquiniastrum floribundum (Asteraceae)","volume":"123","author":"Tamayose","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-007-9141-3","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Two P-Coumaroyl Ester 3\u2032-Hydroxylase Genes from Coffee Tree: Evidence of a Candidate for Chlorogenic Acid Biosynthesis","volume":"64","author":"Mahesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0215","article-title":"Evaluation of the Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Activity of African Variety of Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J Lam Fruit","volume":"12","author":"Atawodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuccari, G., Baldassari, S., Ailuno, G., Turrini, F., Alfei, S., and Caviglioli, G. (2020). Formulation Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Ellagic Acid. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0100.v1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abouaitah, K., Allayh, A.K., Wojnarowicz, J., Shaker, Y.M., Swiderska-Sroda, A., and Lojkowski, W. (2021). Nanoformulation Composed of Ellagic Acid and Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Inactivates Dna and Rna Viruses. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122174"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.W., Kwon, M.J., Yoo, J.Y., Choi, H.J., and Ahn, Y.J. (2014). Antiviral Activity and Possible Mode of Action of Ellagic Acid Identified in Lagerstroemia speciosa Leaves toward Human Rhinoviruses. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-171"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2021.09.020","article-title":"Investigation of Ellagic Acid Rich-Berry Extracts Directed Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Properties with Potential Mechanisms towards Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans","volume":"341","author":"Ekrikaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evtyugin, D.D., Magina, S., and Evtuguin, D.V. (2020). Recent Advances in the Production and Applications Of Ellagic Acid and Its Derivatives. A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122745"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dongmo, K.J.J., Tali, M.B.T., Fongang, Y.S.F., Taguimjeu, P.L.K.T., Kagho, D.U.K., Bitchagno, G.T., Lenta, B.N., Boyom, F.F., Sewald, N., and Ngouela, S.A. (2023). In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicological Profile of Extracts, Fractions and Chemical Constituents of Leaves and Stem Bark from Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae). BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03957-2"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R. (2020). Dacryodes edulis: Protective Antioxidant Effects on Diabetes Pathology. Pathology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swana, L., Tsakem, B., Tembu, J.V., Teponno, R.B., Folahan, J.T., Kalinski, J.C., Polyzois, A., Kamatou, G., Sandjo, L.P., and Chamcheu, J.C. (2023). The Genus Dacryodes Vahl.: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050775"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.06.070","article-title":"A Caffeic Acid Mediated Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Powerful Anti-Cancer Activity","volume":"134","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34928","article-title":"Component of Zingiber officinale That Improves the Enhancement of Small Intestinal Transport","volume":"68","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.51847\/pg8LAD1TQf","article-title":"Antiviral and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Natural Chlorogenic Acid and Its Synthetic Derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Aljehany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.101031","article-title":"Nanotechnology for Virus Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2024.11.009","article-title":"Evaluating the Antiviral Efficacy and Specificity of Chlorogenic Acid and Related Herbal Extracts against SARS-CoV-2 Variants via Spike Protein Binding Intervention","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.06.006","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Ellagic Acid and Annona Muricata in Cervical HPV Related Pre-Neoplastic Lesions: A Randomized Trial","volume":"35","author":"Lentini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6674","article-title":"Inhibitory Capacity of Rhus coriaria L. Extract and Its Major Component Methyl Gallate on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation by Optical Profilometry: Potential Applications for Oral Health","volume":"16","author":"Kacergius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0597-8","article-title":"Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium Adhesion, Invasion, and Intracellular Survival via Treatment with Methyl Gallate Alone and in Combination with Marbofloxacin","volume":"49","author":"Birhanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180117","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920180117","article-title":"Plant Extracts Display Synergism with Different Classes of Antibiotics","volume":"91","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fifere, A., Turin-Moleavin, I.A., and Rosca, I. (2022). Does Protocatechuic Acid Affect the Activity of Commonly Used Antibiotics and Antifungals?. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071010"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2023.2274902","article-title":"Design of Experiment (DoE) as a Quality by Design (QbD) Tool to Optimise Formulations of Lipid Nanoparticles for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Correia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9984308","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9984308","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Moringa Oleifera through Response Surface Methodology","volume":"2022","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-017-0285-1","article-title":"Effects of Temperature, Time, and Solvent Ratio on the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and the Anti-Radical Activity of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau Leaves by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"11","author":"Basri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2011.0152","article-title":"Influence of Silver Nitrate Concentration on the Properties of Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Malina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Micro Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012005","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1900\/1\/012005","article-title":"The Effect of Volume and Concentration of AgNO3 Aqueous Solutions on Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ziziphus Spina\u2013Christi Leaf Extract and Their Antibacterial Activity","volume":"1900","author":"Bamsaoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, N.H., Taha, G.M., Hagaggi, N.S.A., and Moghazy, M.A. (2024). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Environmental Sensor Ability to Some Heavy Metals. BMC Chem., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-01105-y"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2023.2.3","article-title":"The Role of Temperature and pH in the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Areca catechu L. Seed Extract as Bioreductor","volume":"71","author":"Mardiyanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102162","article-title":"Nanoparticle Processing: Understanding and Controlling Aggregation","volume":"279","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.05.004","article-title":"To What Extent Do Polymeric Stabilizers Affect Nanoparticles Characteristics?","volume":"270","author":"Madkour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.102974","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Entecavir Nanoparticles with Stability Determination","volume":"14","author":"Shoaib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00699","article-title":"Design of Experiment Approach to Modeling the Effects of Formulation and Drug Loading on the Structure and Properties of Therapeutic Nanogels","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173759","article-title":"Flavonols as Potential Antiviral Drugs Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases (3CLpro and PLpro), Spike Protein, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II Receptor (ACE2)","volume":"891","author":"Mouffouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.023","article-title":"Comparison of the Antiviral Effect of Solid-State Copper and Silver Compounds","volume":"312","author":"Minoshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velgosova, O., Ma\u010d\u00e1k, L., \u010ci\u017em\u00e1rov\u00e1, E., and M\u00e1ra, V. (2022). Influence of Reagents on the Synthesis Process and Shape of Silver Nanoparticles. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196829"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1039\/b205214h","article-title":"Preparation of Polychrome Silver Nanoparticles in Different Solvents","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/surfaces5010003","article-title":"Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization and Their Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surfaces"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"18","article-title":"Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cell Free Lysate of Bacillus Subtilis: A Biotechnology Approach","volume":"6","author":"Maduabuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03624","article-title":"Characterization and the Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Carya Illinoinensis Leaf Extract","volume":"6","author":"Djahaniani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04493","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extracts from Three Congolese Plant Species (Brillantaisia patula, Crossopteryx febrifuga and Senna siamea)","volume":"6","author":"Kambale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Green Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Microbial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Produced Using Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk Leaf Extract","volume":"4","author":"Sivaraman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117954","article-title":"Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound-Assisted Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis: A Swift Approach, Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and in-Silico Studies","volume":"347","author":"Ragunathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13379","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c02056","article-title":"Zeta Potential and Colloidal Stability Predictions for Inorganic Nanoparticle Dispersions: Effects of Experimental Conditions and Electrokinetic Models on the Interpretation of Results","volume":"37","author":"Pochapski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012039","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/733\/1\/012039","article-title":"A Comparison of TEM and DLS Methods to Characterize Size Distribution of Ceramic Nanoparticles","volume":"733","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1021\/la4047148","article-title":"Synthesis of Monodisperse, Quasi-Spherical Silver Nanoparticles with Sizes Defined by the Nature of Silver Precursors","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02437-w","article-title":"Biopolymer Starch-Gelatin Embedded with Silver Nanoparticle\u2013Based Hydrogel Composites for Antibacterial Application","volume":"12","author":"Sethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035004","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/aad1a3","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plumbago Auriculata Leaf and Calyx Extracts and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.020","article-title":"Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaves Extract of Artemisia Vulgaris and Their Potential Biomedical Applications","volume":"158","author":"Rasheed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"217","article-title":"Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Urtica Dioica Linn. Leaves and Their Synergistic Effects with Antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Jyoti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.12.011","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated Using Anisomeles Indica: Mosquitocidal Potential against Malaria, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Vectors","volume":"161","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60195-3","article-title":"Phyco-Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Environmentally Safe Approach and Their Applications","volume":"14","author":"Choudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02255-z","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Carica Papaya Leaf Extract (AgNPs-PLE) Causes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Prostate (DU145) Cancer Cells","volume":"199","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66357-3","article-title":"Central Composite Design for Optimizing the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plantago Major Extract and Investigating Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"10","author":"Nikaeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S289008","article-title":"Nanotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Normal HEK-293 Cells in Comparison to Cancerous Hela Cell Line","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01766-y","article-title":"Plant-Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Salvia Officinalis: Characterization and Its Antiplasmodial Activity","volume":"32","author":"Okaiyeto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04530-6","article-title":"Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle Coating on Paper for Antibacterial and Antiviral Applications","volume":"80","author":"Srikhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized By Marine Actinomycetes","volume":"10","author":"Avilala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-018-0818-7","article-title":"Brassica Rapa Var. Japonica Leaf Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Crystalline Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Stability, Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity","volume":"28","author":"Akter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0183","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Citrus Maxima Peel Extract and Their Catalytic\/Antibacterial Activities","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15724-8","article-title":"Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract and Pure Flavonoid Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Antibacterial Property","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0505-8","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Thevetia Peruviana Juss and Its Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"6","author":"Oluwaniyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"66","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Mangifera Indica (Mango Leaves) Aqueous Extract","volume":"3","author":"Muralikrishna","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nano Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannini, C., Ladisa, M., Altamura, D., Siliqi, D., Sibillano, T., and De Caro, L. (2016). X-Ray Diffraction: A Powerful Technique for the Multiple-Length-Scale Structural Analysis of Nanomaterials. Crystals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst6080087"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"95","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Natural Compounds: Glucose, Eugenol and Thymol","volume":"60","author":"Abed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2415","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from the Aqueous Extract of Schinus Terebinthifolius Raddi Leaves","volume":"70","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Weglarz-Tomczak, E., Tomczak, J.M., Giurg, M., Burda-Grabowska, M., and Brul, S. (2020). Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of PLproCoV2 by Screening Libraries of Selenium-Containing Compounds. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-022-1499-z","article-title":"Coronavirus Enzyme Inhibitors-Experimentally Proven Natural Compounds from Plants","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38031-5","article-title":"Dual Domain Recognition Determines SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Selectivity for Human ISG15 and K48-Linked Di-Ubiquitin","volume":"14","author":"Wydorski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Silver Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"7","author":"Parvekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"756","article-title":"Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: A Mechanistic Review","volume":"3","author":"Khatoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.103053","article-title":"An Overview of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles towards Bioactive Antibacterial, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Applications","volume":"323","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1910","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity Study and Evaluation of in Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of the Fractions of Dacryodes edulis against Selected Clinical Bacterial Isolates","volume":"6","author":"Yelwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"42","article-title":"Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Bambusa Vulgaris Schrad. Ex J. C. Wendl. (Poaceae) from Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Owolabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"22","article-title":"Characterization of Silver Nano-Particles Synthesized Using Fenugreek Leave Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity","volume":"5","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2020.1861344","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Facilitated by Plant Parts of Crataegus Ambigua Becker AK Extracts and Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activities","volume":"14","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem. Lett. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.008","article-title":"One-Step Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Electrospun Cyclodextrin Nanofibers","volume":"207","author":"Celebioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417305","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/417305","article-title":"Green Nanobiotechnology: Factors Affecting Synthesis and Characterization Techniques","volume":"2014","author":"Patra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Shahid, S., and Lee, C.S. (2020). Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum Inerme; Characterization, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060835"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-3892-8","article-title":"Pine Cone-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activity against Agricultural Pathogens","volume":"97","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124647","article-title":"Optimization of Synthesis for Shape and Size Controlled Silver Nanoparticles Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"595","author":"Lalegani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.20885\/ijca.vol6.iss2.art4","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Chemico-Physical Methods","volume":"6","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indones. J. Chem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505607","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/abb6a8","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Biogenic Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized from Salvia Africana-Lutea and Sutherlandia Frutescens","volume":"31","author":"Dube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.08.002","article-title":"Release Profiles and Morphological Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy of 99mTechnetium-Fluconazole Nanocapsules","volume":"349","author":"Mosqueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"293","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents with a Minimal Cytotoxic Effect","volume":"1","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"76","author":"Bezerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.F., Liu, Z.G., Shen, W., and Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091534"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18680-5","article-title":"Quantification of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity to Algae in Soil via Photosynthetic and Flow-Cytometric Analyses","volume":"8","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2015.14692","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Plants Crude Extracts and Their Characterization Using UV, XRD, TEM and EDX","volume":"14","author":"Vishwajeet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.3.268","article-title":"Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Its Biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00431.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"2","author":"Basile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0101","article-title":"Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Phyto-Synthesised Artemisia Quttensis Podlech Extract Mediated AgNPs","volume":"11","author":"Ghanbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajasekaran, D., Palombo, E.A., Yeo, T.C., Ley, D.L.S., Tu, C.L., Malherbe, F., and Grollo, L. (2013). Identification of Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts with Novel Anti-Influenza Activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079293"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:59:08Z","timestamp":1780473548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111821","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}