{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:04:19Z","timestamp":1780052659406,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polysaccharides are the primary bioactive constituents of Ganoderma lucidum. Nevertheless, the industrial potential of this species is constrained by the fact that yields are relatively low. The present study developed a technology and method of extracting polysaccharides from steam-exploded Ganoderma lucidum by enzymatic extraction, with the aim of increasing the yield. The yield of crude polysaccharide is 15.39%, which is 6.96 times that of the traditional water method (2.21%). A purified, homogeneous polysaccharide fraction, designated GLP-L, was isolated with a molecular weight of 5.59 \u00d7 106 Da. A detailed analysis of the chemical structure of the substance was conducted, and its immunomodulatory activity was thoroughly researched. A thorough investigation into the structural characteristics of GLP-L was conducted, yielding the following findings: GLP-L is composed of D-mannose (52.76 mol%), D-glucose (36.98 mol%), D-xylose (6.39 mol%), and D-galactose (3.87 mol%). The structure was characterised by methylation, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the second step of the process, the following sequence of reactions occurs: 2)-\u03b2-D-Gal-(1\u21924)-\u03b1-D-Xylp-(1\u21923,4)-\u03b1-D-Manp-(1\u21926)-\u03b2-D-Glcp-(1\u21924)-\u03b2-D-Manp-(1\u21924)-\u03b1-D-Glcp-(1\u2192. The effect of GLP-L on immunomodulatory activity was evaluated through the RAW264.7 macrophage model, with the results showing an enhancement in phagocytic activity, immune-related enzyme activities, nitric oxide production, and cytokine secretion. The enzyme-assisted extraction method was demonstrated to enhance the yield of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, with the extract displaying noteworthy immunomodulatory activity. This provides a novel strategy for the production of polysaccharide immunomodulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1780049216000},"page":"1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Steam-Exploded Ganoderma lucidum and Its Yield, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201699, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8016-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142836","article-title":"Prospects of Ganoderma Polysaccharides: Structural Features, Structure-Function Relationships, and Quality Evaluation","volume":"309","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2025.2490973","article-title":"Optimization of Ganoderma lingzhi Triterpene Extraction Method and Its Hypoglycemic Activity","volume":"55","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.108822","article-title":"A Review of Ganoderma lucidum: Cultivation, Active Ingredients and Its Application as Functional Ingredients","volume":"149","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oke, M.A., Afolabi, F.J., Oyeleke, O.O., Kilani, T.A., Adeosun, A.R., Olanbiwoninu, A.A., and Adebayo, E.A. (2022). Ganoderma lucidum: Unutilized Natural Medicine and Promising Future Solution to Emerging Diseases in Africa. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.952027"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04180-y","article-title":"Exploring Ganoderma lucidum: Morphology, Cultivation and Market Potential","volume":"40","author":"Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, L.Y., Liu, S.R., Xie, F., Zhao, L.L., and Wu, X.P. (2018). Enhanced Production of Polysaccharides and Triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Bodies on Induction with Signal Transduction during the Fruiting Stage. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196287"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1934578X2512247","article-title":"Antitumor Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides and Their Clinical Applications: An Updated Review","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100321","article-title":"Immunoregulatory Activity of a Low-Molecular-Weight Heteropolysaccharide from Ganoderma leucocontextum Fruiting Bodies In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W.Q., Li, J.B., Lu, F.P., and Liu, F.F. (2024). Ultrasound-Assisted Multi-Enzyme Extraction for Highly Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060891"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.118271","article-title":"Effects of Steam Explosion Pretreatment at Different Severity Factors on the Structure, Chemical Composition, and Digestive Properties of Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides","volume":"230","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106507","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Enzyme Extraction and Properties of Shatian Pomelo Peel Polysaccharide","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, S.M., Kabir, A., Ratemi, E., Elzagheid, M., Appu, S.P., Ghani, S.S., and Sarief, A. (2025). Greener Pectin Extraction Techniques: Applications and Challenges. Separations, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.0940.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Processing and Application of Food-Derived Polysaccharides: Advances in Extraction, Separation and Drying","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131619","article-title":"Variation Pattern in the Macromolecular (Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, Lignin) Composition of Cell Walls in Pinus tabulaeformis Tree Trunks at Different Ages as Revealed Using Multiple Techniques","volume":"268","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3331","article-title":"Optimisation of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Its Characterisation","volume":"35","author":"Patil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2015.1564","article-title":"Influence of Steam Explosion on Rice Straw Fiber Content","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J.Q., Zheng, P.Y., Dai, W.Z., Zheng, Z.J., Lin, X.H., Hu, J.M., Zeng, S.X., and Lin, S.L. (2024). Steam Explosion-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii and Its Influence on Structural Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081229"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Rice Straw Humification Performance During Composting","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04033","article-title":"Comparison Study on Polysaccharide Fractions from Laminaria japonica: Structural Characterization and Bile Acid Binding Capacity","volume":"65","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4567","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.101","article-title":"A Mini-Review of Chemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Momordica charantia","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.08.035","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Bioactivities of a Novel Polysaccharide Obtained from Lachnum YM38 Together with Its Zinc and Selenium Derivatives","volume":"122","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.053","article-title":"Characterization of a Neutral Polysaccharide from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) with Potential Immunomodulatory Activity","volume":"188","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117754","article-title":"Isolation, Purification, Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora rubrovalvata Waste","volume":"206","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125951","article-title":"Extraction and Characterization of Polysaccharide from Fermented Mycelia of Coriolus versicolor and Its Efficacy for Treating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"248","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.024","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Hypoglycemic Activity of Trichosanthes Peel Polysaccharide","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.113079","article-title":"Extraction, Structure Characterization, Carboxymethylation and Antioxidant Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides from Craterellus cornucopioides","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129803","article-title":"Modified Acid Polysaccharide Derived from Salvia przewalskii with Excellent Wound Healing and Enhanced Bioactivity","volume":"263","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117994","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Evaluation the Elicitors Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum indicum","volume":"263","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110913","article-title":"Characterization, Antioxidant, Antineoplastic and Immune Activities of Selenium Modified Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.191","article-title":"Purification, Structural Characterization, and PCSK9 Secretion Inhibitory Effect of the Novel Alkali-Extracted Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris","volume":"179","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b03306","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Immunostimulatory Activity of a Homogeneous Polysaccharide from Sinonovacula constricta","volume":"63","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108731","article-title":"Histopathology, Immunoenzyme Activity and Transcriptome Analysis of Immune Response in Silver Pomfret Infected by Cryptokaryon irritans","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00763-y","article-title":"MicroRNA-124-3p Attenuates Myocardial Injury in Sepsis via Modulating SP1\/HDAC4\/HIF-1\u03b1 Axis","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115729","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Structural Elucidation, and In Vitro Anti-Glioma and Immunostimulatory Activity of Polysaccharide from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer","volume":"189","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16430","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00577","article-title":"Biochemical Characterization of Lactose Binding Entadin Lectin from Entada rheedii Seeds with Cytotoxic Activity against Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"5","author":"Naik","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.40954","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in Human Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Shabgah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somm, E., and Jornayvaz, F.R. (2022). Interleukin-18 in Metabolism: From Mice Physiology to Human Diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.971745"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16010887","article-title":"Cytokine-Modulating Strategies and Newer Cytokine Targets for Arthritis Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Venkatesha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.09.004","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of IL-1 and Its Receptors","volume":"80","author":"Zhukova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9367-9_10","article-title":"NF-\u03baB, I\u03baB, and IKK: Integral Components of Immune System Signaling","volume":"Volume 1172","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structural Immunology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04888","article-title":"Mannose Receptor Mediates the Immune Response to Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharides in Macrophages","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.5989","article-title":"Extract of Reishi Polysaccharides Induces Cytokine Expression via TLR4-Modulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways","volume":"173","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Z.N., Zhao, Y., Wang, M.H., Cao, J.L., Chang, M.C., Yun, S.J., Cheng, Y.F., Cheng, F.E., and Feng, C.P. (2022). Effects of Sparassis latifolia Neutral Polysaccharide on Immune Activity via TLR4-Mediated MyD88-Dependent and Independent Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Macrophages. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.994971"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100297","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Hepatoprotective Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2025.109746","article-title":"Yam Polysaccharide Extraction, Purification, Structural Features, and Biological Properties: A Review","volume":"559","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129172","article-title":"Structural and Functional Investigation on Stem and Peel Polysaccharides from Different Varieties of Pitaya","volume":"259","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02575B","article-title":"Structural Characterization of a Polysaccharide from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (Okra) and Its Hypoglycemic Effect and Mechanism on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124623","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum-Fermented Wheat Pericarp: Purification, Structural Features, and Lipid-Lowering Mechanisms","volume":"373","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.127","article-title":"Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of a Polysaccharide from Siraitia grosvenorii","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"45","article-title":"Extraction, Structure Characterization and Biological Activity of Polysaccharide from Coconut Peel","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.01.024","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora rubrovolvata Mycelium and Their Immunostimulatory Activity in RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114130","article-title":"Immunostimulatory Effects of the Intracellular Polysaccharides Isolated from Liquid Culture of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycetes) on RAW264.7 Cells via the MAPK and PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathways","volume":"275","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147092","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Radix Bupleuri Polysaccharide on RAW264.7 Cells and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"327","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"132458","article-title":"\u03b1-Glucan Rich Polysaccharide Fraction Obtained from Rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (Black Ginger) Exhibits Immunostimulatory Activity in RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"1460","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:08:58Z","timestamp":1780049338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}