{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:54:47Z","timestamp":1788404087953,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22374020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22374020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22374020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22374020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suzhou Applied Basic Research (Healthcare) Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["SYW2025156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYW2025156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals with substantial bioaccumulation potential, but their distribution between blood and urine in humans remains poorly characterized. In this review, we assessed the urine-to-blood concentration ratio (UtBCR) as a potential indicator of PFAS bioaccumulation by integrating evidence from human biomonitoring studies and protein-binding data. We summarized PFAS concentrations in human serum and urine across general and highly exposed populations and identified clear compound-specific differences in blood\u2013urine partitioning. We further examined the associations of UtBCR with carbon chain length, biological half-life, and binding-related parameters for human serum albumin (HSA), liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and several renal transporters. Pairwise correlation analysis and partial least squares regression indicated that UtBCR was closely associated with major toxicokinetic determinants, particularly protein-binding affinity, carbon chain length, and biological half-life. Parameters related to FABP, HSA, urate transporter 1 (URAT1), and organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) showed more consistent associations with UtBCR than those related to organic anion transporters 1(OAT1) and organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), suggesting that plasma\/tissue binding and tubular reabsorption may contribute more than active tubular secretion to PFAS blood\u2013urine partitioning. Overall, UtBCR appears to be a useful toxicokinetic metric for comparing the relative bioaccumulation potential of PFAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:19:42Z","timestamp":1780316382000},"page":"1880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Urine-to-Blood Partitioning of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Biomonitoring: Implications for Environmental Exposure Analysis and Bioaccumulation Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hexiang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaomin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2303-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg9065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg9065","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment","volume":"375","author":"Evich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18795","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c14474","article-title":"The Landscape of PFAS Contamination in the United States: Sources and Spatial Patterns","volume":"59","author":"Garrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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