{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:24Z","timestamp":1785421644754,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venoms are rich sources of molecules with pharmacological potential, with approximately 90% of their composition consisting of proteins and peptides responsible for their biological activities. These proteins are classified as enzymatic or non-enzymatic. Enzymatic proteins function as catalysts in regulatory chemical reactions, whereas non-enzymatic proteins, despite lacking catalytic activity, play essential roles in physiological processes. Lectins are non-enzymatic proteins of non-immune origin characterized by carbohydrate- and glycoprotein-binding domains, enabling their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes. C-type lectins and C-type lectin-like proteins are commonly found in snake venoms and are associated with hemostatic disturbances, particularly bleeding and coagulation disorders. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of studies published over the past decade on lectins isolated from snake venom, addressing their definitions, classifications, structural characteristics, and mechanisms of action, as well as their relevance in biotechnological applications. Although progress has been made in elucidating their pharmacological properties, most studies have focused on plant lectins. In contrast, research on snake venom lectins remains limited, particularly regarding their heterologous activities. This gap, especially compared to other venom-derived molecules, highlights the need to further expand research on this class of proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:11:01Z","timestamp":1780333861000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biotechnological Applications of C-Type Lectins Isolated from Snake Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellynes Amancio Correia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovanna","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breno Emanuel Farias","family":"Frihling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Program de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79.117-900, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79.070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8034-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Ferreira de","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada a Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho 76.812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriel Parahyba","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Program de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79.117-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayane","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Boleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Program de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79.117-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8233-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Jacobowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento na Regi\u00e3o Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79.070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Zuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada a Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho 76.812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizeu Antunes dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Koolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multiusu\u00e1rio para An\u00e1lise de Fen\u00f4menos Biom\u00e9dicos, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, Manaus 69.065-001, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58.429-900, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6969-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ligia Rodrigues de","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79.070-900, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada a Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho 76.812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Migliolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em 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