{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:08:35Z","timestamp":1780398515178,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports the first synthesis and full spectroscopic characterization (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) of a novel benzoylthiourea-based compound 2-chloro-N-((2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide (HNCB) and evaluates its behavior as a combustion-modifying additive in diesel\u2013ethanol blends. Blends containing 50, 100, and 200 ppm HNCB were tested in a single-cylinder direct-injection compression ignition engine at five torque levels (0\u201324 Nm) and four Exhaust gas recirculation rates (0\u201330%) to assess combustion, performance, and emissions. Ethanol improved mixture formation and combustion stability, while HNCB, particularly at 100 ppm, provided the most favorable overall balance of combustion phasing, heat-release characteristics, and emission control. At 24 Nm and 0% exhaust gas recirculation, Diesel + Ethanol + HNCB (100 ppm) increased maximum cylinder pressure by 4.1% relative to diesel and reduced cyclic indicated mean effective pressure variability. The 50 ppm blend yielded the lowest specific fuel consumption, with reductions of up to 37% at partial loads and the highest brake thermal efficiency values under several exhaust gas recirculation conditions. Nitrogen oxides emissions decreased by up to 65\u201375%, whereas the 200 ppm blend increased hydrocarbon and soot at 30% exhaust gas recirculation. Overall, HNCB acted as an effective combustion modifier under the tested conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1780395297000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Parametric Evaluation of a Novel Benzoylthiourea Derivative as a Combustion Modifier in Diesel\u2013Ethanol Blends Under EGR Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Serta\u00e7","family":"Co\u015fman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.12.004","article-title":"Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions from Passenger Cars in Europe\u2013Laboratory versus Real-World Emissions","volume":"60","author":"Fontaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2023.101757","article-title":"Natural Resource Scarcity, Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption, and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Top Emitting Countries","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.127668","article-title":"Effects of Fuel Injection Strategy and Ammonia Energy Ratio on Combustion and Emissions of Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine","volume":"341","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.09.194","article-title":"The Role of Renewable Energy, Fossil Fuel Consumption, Urbanization and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions in China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2024). Global Hydrogen Review 2024, IEA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.01.033","article-title":"Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review of challenges and opportunities in production, storage, and transportation","volume":"102","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135701","article-title":"Study of methanol-added diesel\/n-butanol blends combined with different injection strategies for improving pollutant emissions from diesel engines","volume":"399","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.02.009","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of dimethyl carbonate on regulated\/unregulated emissions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot particles","volume":"184","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.139522","article-title":"Insight into combustion characteristics of a multi-point injection hydrogen engine from the perspective of hydrogen injection pulse width","volume":"139","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18266","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c02541","article-title":"Advanced progress and prospects for producing high-octane gasoline fuel toward market development: State-of-the-art and outlook","volume":"37","author":"Abdellatief","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ferrari, G., Onorati, A., and D\u2019Errico, G. (2022). Internal Combustion Engines, Societ\u00e0 Editrice Esculapio."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.4271\/2020-01-0352","article-title":"Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions","volume":"2","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Adv. Curr. Pract. Mobil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17585","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c02549","article-title":"Ammonia in Dual-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Impact on NOx, N2O, and Soot Formation","volume":"37","author":"Pedersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b02140","article-title":"Experimental and modeling investigation of the effect of H2S addition to methane on the ignition and oxidation at high pressures","volume":"31","author":"Gersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.130844","article-title":"Influence of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Properties on Internal Combustion Engine Performance, Combustion, and Emissions: A Review","volume":"362","author":"Algayyim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965544120020036","article-title":"A New Look at Fuel Additives","volume":"60","author":"Danilov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, S.P., and Hancs\u00f3k, J. (2014). Fuels and Fuel-Additives, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118796214"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tkaczyk, M., Sroka, Z.J., Krakowian, K., and Wlostowski, R. (2021). Experimental Study of the Effect of Fuel Catalytic Additive on Specific Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engine. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14010054"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118643","article-title":"Recent Advancements, Applications, and Technical Challenges in Fuel Additives-Assisted Engine Operations","volume":"313","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, M., Yin, Z., Zheng, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, C., Cui, Y., Ming, Z., Feng, L., Yue, Z., and Yao, M. (2022). Effects of Different Gasoline Additives on Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Vehicle Equipped with the GDI Engine. Front. Mech. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmech.2022.924505"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"127","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Applications of Nanometal Additives in Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines","volume":"73","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2024.102421","article-title":"Bio-Based Solutions for Diesel Engines: Investigating the Effects of Propolis Additive and Ethanol on Performance and Emissions","volume":"48","author":"Demir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.18280\/ijht.400517","article-title":"Comparative Study of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Alcoholic Fuel Additives-Biodiesel-Diesel Blend for Combustion, Performance, and Emission Improvements","volume":"40","author":"Pullagura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2019.1614995","article-title":"Effect of Fuel Additives and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in Biodiesel Fuelled CI Engine: A Review","volume":"42","author":"Appavu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2023.2173652","article-title":"Effect of Multifunctional Fuel Additive in Diesel\/Waste Oil Biodiesel Blends on Industrial Burner Flame Performance and Emission Characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Elkelawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21608\/pesj.2025.352985.1012","article-title":"Enhancing Diesel Engine Power Plant Efficiency and Cutting Emissions with Commercial Fuel Additives in Generator Systems","volume":"2","author":"Elkelawy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharos Eng. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.1614","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Impact on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Nanoparticle-Based Fuel Additives in the Internal Combustion Engine","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2022.2122154","article-title":"Evaluation of MWCNT as Fuel Additive to Diesel\u2013Biodiesel Blend in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine","volume":"14","author":"Solmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.131498","article-title":"Green Synthesis of SiO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Leaves and Investigation of Their Usability as Alternative Fuel Additives for Diesel\u2013Safflower Oil Biodiesel Blends","volume":"367","author":"Yaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"103","article-title":"Impact of Nano-Fuel Additives and Nano-Lubricant Oil Additives on Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Gosai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Heat Mass Transfer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089231223380","article-title":"Reducing NOx Emission from Palm Biodiesel\/Diesel Blends in CI Engine: A Comparative Study of Cetane Improvement Techniques through Hydrogenation and Fuel Additives","volume":"239","author":"Musthafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112805","article-title":"Turning Biodiesel Glycerol into Oxygenated Fuel Additives and Their Effects on the Behavior of Internal Combustion Engines: A Comprehensive Systematic Review","volume":"167","author":"Sedghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102248","article-title":"Effects of Nano-Additives in Developing Alternative Fuel Strategy for CI Engines: A Critical Review with a Focus on the Performance and Emission Characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Hamzah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.359","article-title":"A Review on the Effect of Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Using Diesel\u2013Biodiesel\u2013Additives Fuel Blend","volume":"51","author":"Arya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10846","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2021.1946621","article-title":"Impact of a Novel Fuel Additive Containing Boron and Hydrogen on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions","volume":"46","author":"Simsek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2024.108156","article-title":"Effects of fuel composite additives on the vibration, wear and emission performances of diesel engines under hot engine tests","volume":"164","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/17415993.2022.2119085","article-title":"An Insight on the Different Synthetic Routes for the Facile Synthesis of O\/S-Donor Carbamide\/Thiocarbamide Analogs and Their Miscellaneous Pharmacodynamic Applications","volume":"44","author":"Asghar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sulfur Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry6030025","article-title":"Biological Applications of Thiourea Derivatives: Detailed Review","volume":"6","author":"Agili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"5768","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Bis(Aroyl Thiourea) Derivatives: Insights into Their Potential Applications through DFT Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Musthafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polycycl. Aromat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-00399-7","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Nicotinoyl Thioureas as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents","volume":"74","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18011","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA02567A","article-title":"Exploring the Latest Trends in Chemistry, Structure, Coordination, and Diverse Applications of 1-Acyl-3-Substituted Thioureas: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"14","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/17415993.2013.834904","article-title":"A Review on the Chemistry, Coordination, Structure and Biological Properties of 1-(Acyl\/Aroyl)-3-(Substituted) Thioureas","volume":"35","author":"Saeed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sulfur Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100179","article-title":"Engine Performance and Emissions from Fuels Containing Nitrogen and Sulphur","volume":"14","author":"Obeid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag. X"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.11.154","article-title":"Evaluation of Diesel Fuel-Biodiesel Blends with Palladium and Acetylferrocene Based Additives in a Diesel Engine","volume":"216","author":"Keskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.09.023","article-title":"Using Pd(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with N,N-Dimethyl-N\u2032-2-Chlorobenzoylthiourea Ligand as Fuel Additives in Diesel Engine","volume":"162","author":"Keskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.11.001","article-title":"Biodiesel Production from Waste Animal Fat and Improvement of Its Characteristics by Synthesized Nickel and Magnesium Additive","volume":"50","author":"Keskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.03.127","article-title":"Synthesis of MgO\/MgSO4 Nanocatalyst by Thiourea\u2013Nitrate Solution Combustion for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil","volume":"190","author":"Bora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1039\/D4IM00005F","article-title":"Improvement of Octane Number in FCC Gasoline through the Extraction with Urea\/Thiourea Complex Based on Property Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.30939\/ijastech..1397506","article-title":"Experimental Research of the Effects of Benzoylthiourea Derivative Fuel and Gasoline Mixtures on Engine Performance and Emissions","volume":"7","author":"Cosman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2023.135086","article-title":"Novel Thiourea Derivative Compounds: Thermal Behavior, Biological Evaluation, Hirshfeld Surfaces and Frontier Orbitals Analyses, In Silico ADMET Profiling and Molecular Docking Studies","volume":"1280","author":"Sezer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/hc.21266","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Aroyl (Aryloxyacetyl)-N\u2032-Ferrocenyl Thiourea Derivatives","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heteroat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.10.079","article-title":"Bioethanol Production from Rice Straw: An Overview","volume":"101","author":"Binod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2014.07.001","article-title":"Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder CI Engine Using Diethyl Ether and Ethanol Blends","volume":"88","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.09.045","article-title":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethanol\u2013Diesel Fuel Blends","volume":"90","author":"Jerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.01.042","article-title":"Effects of Ethanol\u2013Diesel\u2013Biodiesel Blends on Combustion and Emissions in Premixed Low-Temperature Combustion","volume":"54","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"205","article-title":"A Review on Performance and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol\u2013Diesel Blend","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Syst. Autom."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3242452","article-title":"Using Uncertainty Analysis in the Planning of an Experiment","volume":"107","author":"Moffat","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rski, K., Smigins, R., and Longwic, R. (2020). Research on Physico-Chemical Properties of Diethyl Ether\/Linseed Oil Blends for the Use as Fuel in Diesel Engines. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13246564"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.30939\/ijastech..1325362","article-title":"Experimental Research with Diethyl Ether on Engine Performance and Emissions in a Spark Ignition Engine","volume":"7","author":"Uyumaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Holman, J.P. (1984). Experimental Methods for Engineers, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Heywood, J.B. (1988). Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2020). Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines\u2014Exhaust Emission Measurement\u2014Part 1: Test-Bed Measurement Systems of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions (Standard No. ISO 8178-1:2020)."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2002). Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines\u2014Performance\u2014Part 1: Declarations of Power, Fuel and Lubricating Oil Consumptions, and Test Methods\u2014Additional Requirements for Engines for General Use (Standard No. ISO 3046-1:2002)."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"150","article-title":"FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV Spectral Investigation: Computation of Vibrational Frequency, Chemical Shifts and Electronic Structure Calculations of 1-Bromo-4-Nitrobenzene","volume":"61","author":"Shakila","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Sci. News"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.134162","article-title":"Free Radical Scavenging, Antibacterial Potentials and Spectroscopic Characterizations of Benzoyl Thiourea Derivatives and Their Metal Complexes","volume":"1272","author":"Hafsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.05.060","article-title":"Synthesis, X-Ray, Spectroscopic Characterization (FT-IR, NMR, UV\u2013Vis) and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Some Substituted Benzoylthiourea Derivatives","volume":"1194","author":"Abosadiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2025.114030","article-title":"Analysis of Structure and Interactions between Chemical Reactions, Species Transport and Heat Release in Laminar Flames","volume":"275","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.128871","article-title":"Optimizing RCCI Combustion for Improved Engine Performance under Low Load Conditions: Impact of Low-Reactivity Fuel and Direct Injection Timing","volume":"351","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.06.023","article-title":"Effects of n-Butanol, 2-Butanol, and Methyl Octynoate Addition to Diesel Fuel on Combustion and Emissions over a Wide Range of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Rates","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118020","article-title":"Combined Effect of Oxygenated Additives, Injection Timing and EGR on Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDi Diesel Engine Powered by Sapota Biodiesel\/Diesel Blends","volume":"276","author":"Jayabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118305","article-title":"Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel\u2013Kerosene\u2013Ethanol: A Multi-Objective Optimization Study","volume":"211","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.02.027","article-title":"The Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel\/Biodiesel\/Alcohol Blends in a Diesel Engine","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-2019-327","article-title":"Combustion Stability of Dual Fuel Engine Powered by Diesel\u2013Ethanol Fuels","volume":"178","author":"Nowak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Combust. Engines"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.10.100","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Combustion Behaviors of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel\/Diesel\/1-Butanol (C4 Alcohol) and Biodiesel\/Diesel\/n-Pentanol (C5 Alcohol) Fuel Blends","volume":"165","author":"Eryilmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.122345","article-title":"A Novel Biodegradable Nanoparticle as a Robust Biodiesel Antioxidant and Fuel Additive for Improvement of Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission","volume":"242","author":"Torkzaban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X20960701","article-title":"Effect of Port Injection of Ethanol on Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Environmental Factors in a Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Zhu, J., and Wang, X. (2025). Study on Cold Start of Methanol Direct Injection Engine Based on Laser Ignition. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18082119"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126033","article-title":"Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Studies on Oxidation of n-Heptane under Oxygen Enrichment in a Jet-Stirred Reactor","volume":"332","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115745","article-title":"Influences of Initial Coal Concentration on Ignition Behaviors of Low-NOx Bias Combustion Technology","volume":"278","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.05.225","article-title":"Hydrogen Concentration Effects on a Swirl-Stabilized Non-Premixed Burner Using Ammonia","volume":"52","author":"Kekul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/14680874211042247","article-title":"Multiple-Objective Optimization of Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Gasoline\/Hydrogenated Catalytic Biodiesel Blends at Low Loads","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Engine Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123975","article-title":"Investigation on Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel\/Alcohol\/n-Butanol Blended Fuels","volume":"320","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ampah, J.D., Yusuf, A.A., Agyekum, E.B., Afrane, S., Jin, C., Liu, H., and Kamel, S. (2022). Progress and Recent Trends in the Application of Nanoparticles as Low-Carbon Fuel Additives\u2014A State-of-the-Art Review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12091515"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41659","article-title":"Study of the Impact on Emissions and Engine Performance of Diesel Fuel Additives Made from Cotton and Castor Blended Seed Oils","volume":"11","author":"Woldetensy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:16:17Z","timestamp":1780395377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}