{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:14:04Z","timestamp":1780481644063,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research evaluates the influence of extraction method, solvent, and processing time on the recovery of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus globulus leaves and their corresponding antioxidant capacity, through approaches with reduced energy and chemical consumption. Magnetic stirring (MS), and ultrasound- (US) and microwave-assisted (MW) extraction were applied using water or low-ethanol hydroalcoholic systems. Total phenolic content (TPC; Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method) and antioxidant activity (AA; TEAC assay), were assessed to determine the functional properties of the extracts. FT-ICR MS was used to characterize the phytochemical profile. A hydroalcoholic system combined with non-conventional techniques improved extraction efficiency compared to an aqueous system and reduced the processing time. Among the investigated MW conditions, extraction at 360 W for 30 s provided the highest TPC and AA values (252 mg GAE\/g DM; 65.67 mg TE\/g DM), while US provided maximum TPC of 191 mg GAE\/g DM (30 min extraction). MS showed the lowest performance (77 mg GAE\/g DM). Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and ellagitannins were assigned across evaluated samples, indicating that the used conditions do not influence the extracts\u2019 qualitative composition. Overall, MW extraction enabled rapid phenolic species recovery under short processing times and low-ethanol conditions, representing a promising approach among the investigated extraction systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1780479194000},"page":"1927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Conventional to Sustainable Extraction: Improving Phenolic Species Recovery from Eucalyptus globulus Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry \u201cC. Nenitescu\u201d, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Stan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry \u201cC. Nenitescu\u201d, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Tociu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry \u201cC. Nenitescu\u201d, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1437-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Morosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry \u201cC. Nenitescu\u201d, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brindusa","family":"Balanuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry \u201cC. Nenitescu\u201d, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8600","article-title":"Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: A review","volume":"98","author":"Dhakad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nayik, G.A., and Ansari, M.J. (2023). Eucalyptus essential oils. Essential Oils. Extraction, Characterization and Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01588-8","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of eucalyptus essential oils","volume":"33","author":"Atwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mieres-Castro, D., Ahmar, S., Shabbir, R., and Mora-Poblete, F. (2021). Antiviral Activities of Eucalyptus Essential Oils: Their Effectiveness as Therapeutic Targets against Human Viruses. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14121210"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cmikov\u00e1, N., Galovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Schwarzov\u00e1, M., Vukic, M.D., Vukovic, N.L., Kowalczewski, P.\u0141., Bakay, L., Kluz, M.I., Puchalski, C., and Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M. (2023). Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051076"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01284.x","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on pathogenic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders","volume":"12","author":"Salari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.014","article-title":"Optimization of solvent extraction of antioxidants from Eucalyptus globulus leaves by response surface methodology: Characterization and assessment of their bioactive properties","volume":"108","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.05.010","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, neuroprotective properties and bioactive constituents analysis of varying polarity extracts from Eucalyptus globulus leaves","volume":"26","author":"Liaudanskas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M., Soares, C., Martins, M., Sousa, B., Valente, I., Pereira, R., and Fidalgo, F. (2021). Herbicidal Effects and Cellular Targets of Aqueous Extracts from Young Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Leaves. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0047.v3"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on growth performance, feed utilization and blood biochemistry of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"71","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M., Soares, C., Andreani, T., Fidalgo, F., and Tavares, F. (2023). Eucalyptus globulus Leaf Aqueous Extract Differentially Inhibits the Growth of Three Bacterial Tomato Pathogens. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081727"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.Y., Kim, J.Y., Son, Y.G., Kang, S.D., Lee, S.W., Kim, K.D., and Kim, J.Y. (2023). Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves under Different Extraction Conditions. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179984"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04433-2","article-title":"Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e02509","article-title":"Conventional and modern techniques for bioactive compounds recovery from plants: Review","volume":"27","author":"Mungwari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Galanakis, C.M. (2021). Conventional extraction. Food Waste Recovery: Processing Technologies, Industrial Techniques, and Applications, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-026-01484-2","article-title":"Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Wild Edible Plants from Yemen","volume":"81","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouissane, L., Khatib, S., El Boukhari, R., Thiery, V., and Fatimi, A. (2026). Harnessing the Anticancer Potential of Plant Alkaloids Through Green Extraction Technologies. Appl. Biosci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/applbiosci5020023"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"147","article-title":"Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Eucalyptus Species: Review","volume":"13","author":"Moges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Med. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32734\/ijoep.v5i2.13715","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Assay of Eucalyptus pellita Leaf Extract","volume":"5","author":"Lenny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Ecophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-024-00732-8","article-title":"Antioxidant properties and phytotoxic activity of five Eucalyptus leaves extract","volume":"10","author":"Khedhri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterr. J. Env. Integr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diloksumpun, S., Wongkattiya, N., Buaban, K., Saleepochn, T., Suttiarporn, P., and Luangkamin, S. (2022). Variation in the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Five New Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Clones in Thailand. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030680"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamali, S., Bendaoud, H., Bouajila, J., Camy, S., Saadaoui, E., Condoret, J.-S., and Romdhane, M. (2023). Optimization of accelerated solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Eucalyptus intertexta using response surface methodology and evaluation of its phenolic composition and biological activities. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants, 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmap.2023.100464"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, L., Pereira, A.I., Vaz, C.B., Ferreira, O., Dias, M.I., Heleno, S.A., Calhelha, R.C., Barros, L., and Carocho, M. (2025). Optimization of heat and ultrasound-assisted extraction of Eucalyptus globulus leaves reveals strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Food Chem., 479.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143755"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukhikh, S., Ivanova, S., Babich, O., Larina, V., Krol, O., Prosekov, A., Popov, A., and Kriger, O. (2022). Antimicrobial Screening and Fungicidal Properties of Eucal\u00fdptus globulus Ultrasonic Extracts. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111441"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"17","article-title":"Eucalyptus-based products range as an example of modern approaches to the creation of herbal drugs","volume":"1","author":"Khvorost","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Mechnikov\u2019s Inst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57S","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818231164354","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2017.11.007","article-title":"Eucalyptus globulus extract protects against UVB-induced photoaging by enhancing collagen synthesis via regulation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signals and attenuation of AP-1","volume":"637","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem Biophys."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"101","article-title":"Influence of membrane separation technique upon the phenolic content of red corn bran extract","volume":"XXVIII","author":"Arlet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. Ser. F. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, X., Cancela, A., Merch\u00e1n, Y., and S\u00e1nchez, A. (2021). Anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants from extractions of six eucalyptus species. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219818"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-023-00821-1","article-title":"Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"7","author":"Ouattara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100122","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction: Recent advances in optimization, synergistic approaches, and applications for green chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Melikoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sust. Chem. Clim. Act."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-011-0573-z","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Routray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review","volume":"34","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106646","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies","volume":"101","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusoff, I.M., Taher, Z.M., Rahmat, Z., and Chua, L.S. (2022). A review of ultrasound-assisted extraction for plant bioactive compounds: Phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins. Food Res. Int., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111268"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica","volume":"22","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J., Freitas, B., Fernandes, R.A., Escobar-Avello, D., Gomes, T., Magalh\u00e3es, P., Magalh\u00e3es, F.D., Martins, J.M., and Carvalho, L.H. (2025). Ultrasonic-assisted water extraction from Eucalyptus globulus leaves and branches, to obtain natural textile dyes with antioxidant properties. Ind. Crops Prod., 228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.120885"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.02.044","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of Eucalyptus robusta leaf for the optimal yield of total phenolic compounds","volume":"69","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105654","article-title":"Ultrasound extraction optimization for bioactive molecules from Eucalyptus globulus leaves through antioxidant activity","volume":"76","author":"Palma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gull\u00f3n, P., Gull\u00f3n, B., Astray, G., Munekata, P.E.S., Pateiro, M., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2020). Value-Added Compound Recovery from Invasive Forest for Biofunctional Applications: Eucalyptus Species as a Case Study. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184227"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20247","article-title":"Electrospray: From ions in solution to ions in the gas phase, what we know now","volume":"28","author":"Kebarle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mass. Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200700261","article-title":"Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids","volume":"30","author":"Stalikas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1021\/jf026187q","article-title":"Hierarchical scheme for LC-MSn identification of chlorogenic acids","volume":"51","author":"Clifford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2396","article-title":"Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of phenolics in Eucalyptus globulus leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"24","author":"Meudec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem Anal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M., Soares, C., Pereira, R., Rodrigues, J.A., Fidalgo, F., and Valente, I.M. (2022). Untargeted metabolomic profiling of fresh and dried leaf extracts of young and mature Eucalyptus globulus trees indicates differences in the presence of specialized metabo-lites. Front Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.986197"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indelicato, S., Bongiorno, D., and Ceraulo, L. (2021). Recent Approaches for Chemical Speciation and Analysis by Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry. Front. Chem., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.625945"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gull\u00f3n, B., Mu\u00f1iz-Mouro, A., L\u00fa-Chau, T.A., Moreira, M.T., Lema, J.M., and Eibes, G. (2019). Green approaches for the extraction of antioxidants from eucalyptus leaves. Ind. Crops Prod., 138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111473"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tociu, M., Manolache, F., B\u0103l\u0103nuc\u0103, B., Moro\u0219an, A., and Stan, R. (2023). Superior Valorisation of Juglans regia L. Leaves of Different Maturity through the Isolation of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217328"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:34:03Z","timestamp":1780479243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111927","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}