{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:24:55Z","timestamp":1780496695395,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Program of Basic Science (Natural Science) Research in Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province","award":["23KJD180009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJD180009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phellinus igniarius is a medicinal fungus rich in terpenoids with potential biological activities. In this study, the P. igniarius terpenoid-enriched extract (PITT) was optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology based on a Box\u2013Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as extraction temperature 64 \u00b0C, extraction time 21 min, ethanol concentration 78%, and liquid-to-solid ratio 20 mL\/g, yielding a total terpenoid content of 7.078 mg\/g. The chemical profile of PITT was characterized by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS), revealing the presence of multiple putative terpenoid compounds, including betulin, curdione, and several sesquiterpenoids. The antioxidant activity of PITT was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, showing dose-dependent effects. Furthermore, an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in RAW 264.7 cells was employed to assess cellular antioxidant activity. Pretreatment with PITT significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, enhanced the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results indicate that PITT exhibits notable antioxidant activity and may serve as a potential natural antioxidant source for further development. However, further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"1929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Extraction of Total Terpenoids from Phellinus igniarius Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5249-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lulu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbiao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilong","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Yanhuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Yanhuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaizhong","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.10.016","article-title":"Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification","volume":"224","author":"Lushchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106998","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative potential activity of the marine carotenoid fucoxanthin in the treatment of chronic blood cancer","volume":"133","author":"Damiano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2026.107163","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. pulp ameliorates oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells","volume":"137","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1934578X1601100741","article-title":"Phellinus igniarius: A pharmacologically active polypore mushroom","volume":"11","author":"Zapora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43886-0","article-title":"Extraction and antioxidant activity of total triterpenoids in the mycelium of a medicinal fungus, Sanghuangporus sanghuang","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine compounds and their bioactivities: Fruitful 2020","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Z., Li, J., Qian, X., Yong, Y., Wu, M., Wang, Y., Lv, W., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., and Shao, Y. (2023). Phellinus igniarius Polysaccharides Ameliorate Hyperglycemia by Modulating the Composition of the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Diabetic Mice. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28207136"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhang, X., Gu, L., Li, Q., Ju, Y., Zhou, X., Hu, M., and Li, Q. (2022). Anti-Gout Effects of the Medicinal Fungus Phellinus igniarius in Hyperuricaemia and Acute Gouty Arthritis Rat Models. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.801910"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01384.x","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete Phellinus igniarius in Submerged Cultures","volume":"75","author":"Lung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106861","article-title":"Phellinus igniarius alcohol extract restores the immune homeostasis in cyclophosphamide induced immunocompromised mice","volume":"129","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Guo, R., Su, X., Shang, K., Tan, C., Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Lin, D., Ma, Y., and Zhou, M. (2023). Immune-enhancing activity of polysaccharides and flavonoids derived from Phellinus igniarius YASH1. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1124607"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2019.1582541","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven predominant terpenoids","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-023-00524-2","article-title":"Solvent effects on terpenoid compositions and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl extracts and the main antioxidant agent evaluation through in vitro and in vivo assay","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Shi, Q., Li, J., Quan, S., Zhang, X., Gu, L., Li, H., Ju, Y., Hu, M., and Li, Q. (2022). Medicinal fungus Phellinus igniarius alleviates gout in vitro by modulating TLR4\/NF-kB\/NLRP3 signaling. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1011406"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23370","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia contributions of different solvent extractions and their inhibitory effect on \u03b1-amylase","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.07.027","article-title":"Ultrasound enhanced production and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from mycelial fermentation of Phellinus igniarius","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"196","article-title":"A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation","volume":"4","author":"Azwanida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Zhang, W., and Liu, S. (2020). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant capacities. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244749"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, C., Tong, Z., Yang, J., Tao, R., Zhao, Z., Sai, M., Meng, X., Xiao, K., Wang, Q., and Ma, H. (2025). Ultrasound-assisted extraction, enrichment, and hypolipidemic potential of triterpenes from Grifola frondosa mycelia. BMC Chem., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01514-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.107126","article-title":"Response surface analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of a potential postbiotic exopolysaccharide produced by probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.03.092","article-title":"Box-Behnken design for extraction optimization, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Cicer arietinum L. hull polysaccharides","volume":"147","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khojimatov, O.K., Gafforov, Y., and Bussmann, R.W. (2023). Sanghuangporus lonicerinus (Bondartsev). Ethnobiology of Uzbekistan (Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Mountain Communities), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23031-8"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111350","article-title":"Terpenoids from Curcumae Rhizoma: Their anticancer effects and clinical uses on combination and versus drug therapies","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-023-10584-6","article-title":"Effect and Mechanism of Curdione Combined with Gemcitabine on Migration and Invasion of Bladder Cancer","volume":"62","author":"Chi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500052","article-title":"Curdione Relieved Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Liu, H., Yu, Y., Peng, S., and Zhu, S. (2024). Role of Curcuma longae Rhizoma in medical applications: Research challenges and opportunities. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1430284"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, S., and Yu, H. (2017). Atractylenolide II Inhibits Proliferation, Motility and Induces Apoptosis in Human Gastric Carcinoma Cell Lines HGC-27 and AGS. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111886"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Nasser, M.I., Adlat, S., Ming Jiang, M., Jiang, N., and Gao, L. (2018). Atractylenolide II Induces Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells through Regulation of AR and JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123298"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114007","article-title":"Atractylenolide II prevents radiation damage via MAPKp38\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"177","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2022.2037629","article-title":"Atractylenolide II inhibits tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)-induced lung cancer cell metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03046-2","article-title":"Atractylenolide II regulates the proliferation, ferroptosis, and immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inactivating the TRAF6\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"397","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.Y., and Choi, B.Y. (2019). Costunolide\u2014A Bioactive Sesquiterpene Lactone with Diverse Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122926"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109955","article-title":"Antitumor activity and mechanism of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone: Two natural sesquiterpene lactones from the Asteraceae family","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159325","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/1159325","article-title":"Costunolide Reduces DN Inflammatory Response and Renal Thrombosis by Inhibiting NET Formation","volume":"2025","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7051","article-title":"Abscisic acid suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in murine allergic airway inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173652","article-title":"Abscisic acid ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis by regulating the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in mice","volume":"891","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"453","article-title":"Isoalantolactone exerts anticancer effects on human HEC-1-B endometrial cancer cells via induction of ROS mediated apoptosis and inhibition of MEK\/ERK signalling pathway","volume":"69","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114315","article-title":"Isoalantolactone protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via alleviating inflammation through regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"160","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabbir, A., and Parvinzadeh Gashti, M. (2026). Camphor\u2019s Therapeutic Uses and Potential Hazards: An In-Depth Review of Its Medicinal Applications. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040648"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S398607","article-title":"Camphor Attenuates Hyperalgesia in Neuropathic Pain Models in Mice","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pain. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, I., Varela, A., Frija, L.M.T., Estev\u00e3o, M.A.S., Planchon, S., Renaut, J., Afonso, C.A.M., and Silva Pereira, C. (2017). Proteomic Insights on the Metabolism of Penicillium janczewskii during the Biotransformation of the Plant Terpenoid Labdanolic Acid. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2017.00045"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra Rodrigues Dantas, L., Silva, A.L.M., da Silva J\u00fanior, C.P., Alc\u00e2ntara, I.S., Correia de Oliveira, M.R., Oliveira Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins, A., Ribeiro-Filho, J., Coutinho, H.D.M., Rocha Santos Passos, F., and Quintans-Junior, L.J. (2020). Nootkatone Inhibits Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Mice. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092181"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.33594\/000000559","article-title":"Nootkatone Ameliorates Doxorubicin Induced Myocardial Injury through Modulation of NF-\u03baB Signals and Oxidative Stress","volume":"56","author":"Kandhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01522-2","article-title":"Nootkatone (NK), a grapefruit-derived aromatic compound, inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating JAK2-STAT signaling and antioxidant response in adipocyte","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157445","article-title":"Betulin, an active component from Chinese herb birch bark, suppresses tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth by inhibiting the PAX2\/VEGF-A\/VEGR2 signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70019","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70019","article-title":"Betulin ameliorates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative injury via DJ-1\/Akt\/Nrf2 signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62953-5","article-title":"Soyasapogenol-A targets CARF and results in suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in p53 compromised cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Omar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389302","article-title":"Lupenone improves motor dysfunction in spinal cord injury mice through inhibiting the inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in microglia via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.019","article-title":"Beneficial health effects of lupenone triterpene: A review","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05841","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Constituents of Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentharavithana, J., Islam, T., and Xu, B. (2025). Medicinal Mushrooms in Colon Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms of Action of Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115304"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7439","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187439","article-title":"Gastrodin induced HO-1 and Nrf2 up-regulation to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells through p38 MAPK phosphorylation","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4163","article-title":"Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy on H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in HepG2 cells","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.3353","article-title":"Red Bean Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in RAW 264.7 Macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Chao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Xu, S., Yang, K., Sun, Y., Yang, R., Hu, Y., Chen, G., and Cai, H. (2023). Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ginsenosides Extracted from Forest-Grown Wild Panax quinquefolius L.. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234316"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2019.1569049","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of combination between sulforaphane and acetaminophen in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells","volume":"41","author":"Vuong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.107066","article-title":"Extraction, structural characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of porcine small intestinal glycoproteins from heparin processing wastewater","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12304","article-title":"Glutathione-dependent induction of local and systemic defense against oxidative stress by exogenous melatonin in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e13296","article-title":"Optimized extraction based on the terpenoids of Heterotrigona itama propolis and their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boateng, I.D., and Yang, X. (2024). Water-Soluble Intracellular Polysaccharides (IPSW-2 to 4) from Phellinus igniarius Mycelia: Fractionation, Structural Elucidation, and Antioxidant Activity. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223581"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2003.08.004","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of reaction products limits the applicability of the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay","volume":"42","author":"Arts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.110","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo biological activities of anthocyanins from Nitraria tangutorun Bobr. fruits","volume":"194","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.089","article-title":"Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1929\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:47:16Z","timestamp":1780494436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111929","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}