{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:27:17Z","timestamp":1785414437397,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004506","name":"Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BS\/PB-400-301\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS\/PB-400-301\/26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BS\/PB-400-301\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS\/PB-400-301\/26"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046awyn59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The removal of four representative pharmaceuticals\u2014sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU)\u2014was investigated in a model aqueous solution using UV-C photolysis, ozonation and a hybrid UV\/O3 process. UV-C and UV\/O3 experiments were conducted at initial pH 3, ~6 and 8, whereas single ozonation was applied at pH ~6 as a near-neutral reference. The processes were compared in terms of removal efficiency, apparent pseudo-first-order kinetics and kinetic enhancement. UV-C photolysis showed pronounced compound selectivity, with efficient removal of DCF and SMX but limited transformation of CBZ and IBU. Ozonation markedly improved the removal of ozone-reactive compounds, particularly CBZ and DCF. Under near-neutral conditions, UV\/O3 provided high removal efficiencies for all target compounds after 30 min. Kinetic analysis showed that UV\/O3 enhancement was compound-specific: apparent synergy was observed for CBZ and IBU, with SF values of 1.43 and 1.24, respectively, whereas SMX showed a subadditive response. DCF was rapidly removed under UV\/O3 but was excluded from the main SF comparison because its concentration approached the lowest calibrated concentration level. These results indicate that UV\/O3 is especially useful for poorly UV-susceptible pharmaceuticals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"1930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photo-Ozonation of Multiclass Pharmaceuticals in Model Water: Kinetic Comparison of UV-C, O3 and UV\/O3 Under Selected pH Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Ca\u0142us-Makowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. D\u0105browskiego 69, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8011-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Grosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. D\u0105browskiego 69, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Bia\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. D\u0105browskiego 69, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, A.J., Esp\u00edn, S., G\u00f3mez-Ram\u00edrez, P., S\u00e1nchez-Virosta, P., and Navas, I. (2021). Water Quality and Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). Chemometrics and Cheminformatics in Aquatic Toxicology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119681397.ch1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122388","article-title":"Transformation Products of Diclofenac: Formation, Occurrence, and Toxicity Implication in the Aquatic Environment","volume":"266","author":"Nosek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan-Roblero, J., and Cruz-Maya, J.A. (2023). 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