{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:51:41Z","timestamp":1791499901187,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018969","name":"Sam Ratulangi University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cn6ph21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp., commonly known as Indonesian bay leaf or Daun salam, is widely used as a culinary and traditional botanical resource. However, region-specific information on its lipophilic constituents remains limited, and the sustainability implications of solvent-dependent phytochemical profiling are rarely addressed. This study characterized the GC\u2013MS-detectable volatile lipophilic constituents of a selected nonpolar fraction of S. polyanthum leaves collected from Paniki Bawah, Mapanget District, Manado, Indonesia, using GC\u2013MS, while evaluating solvent-related limitations for future greener extraction strategies. Dried leaf powder was macerated with 96% ethanol, followed by liquid\u2013liquid partitioning with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction was separated by silica gel column chromatography, and a TLC-selected fraction was analyzed by GC\u2013MS. Compound annotation was supported by NIST 17 library matching, retention-index comparison using a C8\u2013C40 n-alkane series, diagnostic ion evaluation, solvent blank analysis, and triplicate injections. Ethanolic extraction of 900 g dried powder yielded 87.0 g crude extract (9.67%). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions yielded 5.98%, 21.15%, and 72.87%, respectively. GC\u2013MS analysis tentatively annotated 11 compounds representing 94.44% of the total normalized peak area. The major constituents were palmitic acid, phytol, squalene, and neophytadiene. All annotations showed match scores of 90\u201398%, \u0394RI values of 4\u20138 units, and RSD values of 1.86\u20133.27%. Although ethanol use, sunlight drying, solvent recovery, and recirculating chiller-assisted evaporation partially aligned with green chemistry principles, the use of n-hexane and chloroform means that the workflow should not be described as fully green. This study provides a baseline GC\u2013MS fingerprint to support future greener extraction optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1780494408000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Solvent-Dependent GC\u2013MS Fingerprinting of Lipophilic Constituents in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves: A Baseline Study for Future Greener Extraction Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frangky Jessy","family":"Paat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrotechnology Study Program, Bioengineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanriomi","family":"Sintaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information System Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Jl. Kampus Unsrat, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.05.037","article-title":"Green Extraction of Natural Products. Origins, Current Status, and Future Challenges","volume":"118","author":"Chemat","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13078615","article-title":"Green Extraction of Natural Products: Concept and Principles","volume":"13","author":"Chemat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. 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Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.107485","article-title":"LCMS Dataset on Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Leaves Variant from the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"39","author":"Anuar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106265","article-title":"Revisiting the Nutritional and Functional Value and Health-Promoting Potential of Syzygium Species","volume":"118","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julizan, N., Ishmayana, S., Zainuddin, A., H\u00f9ng, P., and Dikdik, K. (2023). Potential of Syzygnium Polyanthum as Natural Food Preservative: A Review. 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Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206814"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126453","article-title":"Enhancing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Resolution and Pure Analyte Discovery Using Intra-Chromatogram Elution Profile Matching","volume":"278","author":"Cain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105473","article-title":"Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Technique and Its Applications in Fermented Food Aroma Analysis: A Review","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2025.100578","article-title":"Accurate and Robust Method for Plant Volatilome Analysis by GC-MS","volume":"12","author":"Ferretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek, S.S., Mangoni, A., Hanschen, F.S., Agerbirk, N., and Zidorn, C. 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Mandala Pharmacon Indones."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137547","article-title":"Characterization and Metabolism Pathway of Volatile Compounds in Walnut Oil Obtained from Various Ripening Stages via HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC\u2013MS","volume":"435","author":"Xi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2025.100602","article-title":"Recent Advances in Analytical Methods and Instrumentation for Natural Antioxidants Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Yenduri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta Open"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:08:00Z","timestamp":1780636080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}