{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T18:01:54Z","timestamp":1780682514918,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["SCCXTD-2026-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCCXTD-2026-19"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province","award":["2023YFS0341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0341"]}]},{"name":"Yaan Science and Technology Program","award":["23CGZH0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CGZH0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyathula officinalis Kuan, a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine, remains underexplored as a source of structurally defined wound-repair polysaccharides. In this study, a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction, CoPS, was isolated from C. officinalis roots and structurally characterized using methylation analysis and 1D\/2D NMR spectroscopy. Purified CoPS had a total carbohydrate content of 94.8%, a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 7.491 kDa, and a narrow dispersity (Mw\/Mn = 1.04). Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that CoPS was mainly composed of fructose and glucose at a molar ratio of 95.60:4.40. Structural analyses identified CoPS as a branched levan-type fructan with a \u03b2-(2\u21926)-linked fructofuranosyl backbone and \u03b2-(2\u21921)-linked branching motifs. CoPS was incorporated into a Carbomer\/alginate topical formulation, termed CoPS-CPG, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. CoPS-CPG showed good cytocompatibility and promoted HaCaT keratinocyte migration, reducing the residual scratch area to 48.10% at 12 h compared with 70.13% in the control group and 65.18% in the vehicle (Blank-CPG) group. In a murine full-thickness excisional wound model, CoPS-CPG reduced the residual wound area to 8.70 \u00b1 1.20% on day 14, compared with 24.83 \u00b1 1.51% in the control group and 14.20 \u00b1 0.72% in the vehicle group. Histological and immunological analyses further indicated improved tissue reconstruction, a reduced inflammatory burden, enhanced CD206-associated macrophage signals, increased CD31-associated vascular structures, improved \u03b1-SMA-associated perivascular coverage, and lower late-stage HIF-1\u03b1 expression. These findings identify CoPS as a structurally defined plant-derived levan-type fructan that supports cutaneous wound repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31111981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:18:16Z","timestamp":1780679896000},"page":"1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structure and Wound-Healing Activity of a Branched Levan-Type Fructan from Cyathula officinalis Roots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianle","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Research and Innovation, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sizhe","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9698-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengliang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.017","article-title":"Metabolic Orchestration of the Wound Healing Response","volume":"33","author":"Eming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00693-y","article-title":"Wound Management Materials and Technologies from Bench to Bedside and Beyond","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.038","article-title":"Macrophage Phenotypes in Tissue Repair and the Foreign Body Response: Implications for Biomaterial-Based Regenerative Medicine Strategies","volume":"133","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage Phenotypes and Functions: Resolving Inflammation and Restoring Homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Franklin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.002","article-title":"Vascularized Polypeptide Hydrogel Modulates Macrophage Polarization for Wound Healing","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuan, C.-H., Chang, L., Ho, C.-Y., Tsai, C.-H., Liu, Y.-C., Huang, W.-Y., Wang, Y.-N., Wang, W.-H., and Wang, T.-W. (2025). Immunomodulatory Hydrogel Orchestrates Pro-Regenerative Response of Macrophages and Angiogenesis for Chronic Wound Healing. Biomaterials, 314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122848"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Ko, C.-N., Li, D., Yang, C., Wang, W., Yang, G.-J., Di Primo, C., Wong, V.K.W., Xiang, Y., and Lin, L. (2021). A Small Molecule HIF-1\u03b1 Stabilizer That Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing. Nat. Commun., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23448-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Che, Y., Zhou, R., Wang, L., Huang, J., Kong, W., Liu, C., Guo, L., Tang, Y., and Wang, X. (2024). Research Progress of Natural Polysaccharide-Based and Natural Protein-Based Hydrogels for Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing. Chem. Eng. J., 496.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153803"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"355","article-title":"Developing Natural Polymers for Skin Wound Healing","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhu, R., Farag, M.A., Capanoglu, E., and Zhao, C. (2023). Structural Elucidation Approaches in Carbohydrates: A Comprehensive Review on Techniques and Future Trends. Food Chem., 400.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134118"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, D., Zhang, S., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, W., and Mu, W. (2024). Production, Effects, and Applications of Fructans with Various Molecular Weights. Food Chem., 437.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137895"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radosavljevi\u0107, M., Belovi\u0107, M., Cvetanovi\u0107 Kljaki\u0107, A., and Torbica, A. (2024). Production, Modification and Degradation of Fructans and Fructooligosacharides by Enzymes Originated from Plants. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131668"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Qiu, Z., Qiao, Y., Bai, X., Zhu, W., Li, Z., and Zheng, Z. (2025). Immunomodulatory Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans from Arctium Lappa L. by Targeting Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites. Food Chem., 467.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142308"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.218","article-title":"Inulin Fructans in Diet: Role in Gut Homeostasis, Immunity, Health Outcomes and Potential Therapeutics","volume":"208","author":"Tawfick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Zhang, X., and Xu, B. (2024). Differences in Physicochemical, Rheological, and Prebiotic Properties of Inulin Isolated from Five Botanical Sources and Their Potential Applications. Food Res. Int., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114048"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H., Li, R., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Pan, S., and Liu, F. (2024). Effect of H2O2\/Ascorbic Acid Degradation and Gradient Ethanol Precipitation on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Pectin Polysaccharides from Satsuma Mandarin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 280.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135843"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G.-F., Zhao, B.-B., Tang, P., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Liu, Z., and Chen, L.-L. (2025). Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Roots of Artemisia argyi. Carbohydr. Polym., 368.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124169"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castrej\u00f3n-Carrillo, S., Morales-Moreno, L.A., Rodr\u00edguez-Alegr\u00eda, M.E., Zavala-Padilla, G.T., Bello-P\u00e9rez, L.A., Moreno-Zaragoza, J., and L\u00f3pez Mungu\u00eda, A. (2024). Insights into the Heterogeneity of Levan Polymers Synthesized by Levansucrase Bs-SacB from Bacillus subtilis 168. Carbohydr. Polym., 323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121439"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, L., Werner, A., and Wefers, D. (2023). Influence of Ultrasonication and Hydrolysis Conditions in Methylation Analysis of Bacterial Homoexopolysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym., 308.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120643"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finore, I., Dal Poggetto, G., Leone, L., Cattaneo, A., Immirzi, B., Corsaro, M.M., Casillo, A., and Poli, A. (2024). Sustainable Production of Heavy Metal-Binding Levan by a Subarctic Permafrost Thaw Lake Pseudomonas Strain 2ASCA. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131664"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda-Molina, A., Castrej\u00f3n-Carrillo, S., Zavala-Padilla, G.T., Ant\u00fanez-Mojica, M., Alvarez, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Alegr\u00eda, M.E., and Mungu\u00eda, A.L. (2025). Branching and Molecular Weight in Levan: A Detailed Analysis of Structural Variability and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Susceptibility. Carbohydr. Polym., 352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123236"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Chen, H., Yang, P., Shen, X., Hu, Y., Cheng, Y., Yao, H., and Zhang, Z. (2022). Nano-Oxygenated Hydrogels for Locally and Permeably Hypoxia Relieving to Heal Chronic Wounds. Biomaterials, 282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121401"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsenigo, F., Stewart, A., Hammer, C.P., Clarke, E., Simpkin, D., Attia, H., Rockall, T., Gordon, S., and Martinez, F.O. (2024). Unifying Considerations and Evidence of Macrophage Activation Mosaicism through Human CSF1R and M1\/M2 Genes. Cell Rep., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114352"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willenborg, S., Injarabian, L., and Eming, S.A. (2022). Role of Macrophages in Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041216"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erginer, M., G\u00f6kalsin, B., Tornaci, S., Sesal, C., and Toksoy \u00d6ner, E. (2023). Exploring the Potential of Halomonas Levan and Its Derivatives as Active Ingredients in Cosmeceutical and Skin Regenerating Formulations. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 240.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124418"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Zou, J., Chen, J., Zhong, X., Kang, R., and Tang, D. (2025). Pattern Recognition Receptors: Function, Regulation and Therapeutic Potential. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02264-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatase, R., Li, Q., Hatakeyama, M., and Kitaoka, T. (2025). Direct Activation of Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Stimulated by Contact with the Interfacial Structures of Chitin Nanofibers. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 284.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138092"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.07.003","article-title":"Supramolecular Nanoarchitectonics of Phenolic-Based Nanofiller for Controlled Diffusion of Versatile Drugs in Hydrogels","volume":"360","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00167-4","article-title":"Model-Based Modular Hydrogel Design","volume":"2","author":"Richbourg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.01.025","article-title":"Regulation of Cell Attachment, Spreading, and Migration by Hydrogel Substrates with Independently Tunable Mesh Size","volume":"141","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butenko, S., Nagalla, R.R., Guerrero-Juarez, C.F., Palomba, F., David, L.-M., Nguyen, R.Q., Gay, D., Almet, A.A., Digman, M.A., and Nie, Q. (2024). Hydrogel Crosslinking Modulates Macrophages, Fibroblasts, and Their Communication, during Wound Healing. Nat. Commun., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50072-y"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"193","article-title":"Injectable Immunoregulatory Hydrogels Sequentially Drive Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages for Infected Wound Healing","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.11.013","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Single-Cell Roadmap of Human Skin Wound Healing","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00496-4","article-title":"CD206+ Macrophages Facilitate Wound Healing through Interactions with Gpnmbhi Fibroblasts","volume":"26","author":"Honda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Embo Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.06.001","article-title":"Pericytes in the Disease Spotlight","volume":"34","author":"Villacampa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z.-J., He, B., Domenichini, A., Satiaputra, J., Wood, K.H., Lakhiani, D.D., Bashaw, A.A., Nilsson, L.M., Li, J., and Bastow, E.R. (2024). Pericyte Phenotype Switching Alleviates Immunosuppression and Sensitizes Vascularized Tumors to Immunotherapy in Preclinical Models. J. Clin. Investig., 134.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI179860"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quijada, P., Park, S., Zhao, P., Kolluri, K.S.S., Wong, D., Shih, K.D., Fang, K., Pezhouman, A., Wang, L., and Daraei, A. (2023). Cardiac Pericytes Mediate the Remodeling Response to Myocardial Infarction. J. Clin. Investig., 133.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162188"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., He, X., Li, Q., Lv, M., Shen, J., Jin, L., and He, D. (2023). A Photothermal-Response Oxygen Release Platform Based on a Hydrogel for Accelerating Wound Healing. NPG Asia Mater., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-022-00456-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.10.049","article-title":"Oxygen-Generating Hydrogels Combined with Electrical Stimulation: A Dual Approach for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"190","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayer, B., Tan, J.L., Alshoubaki, Y.K., Lu, Y.-Z., Legrand, J.M.D., Lau, S., Hu, N., Park, A.J., Wang, X.-N., and Amann-Zalcenstein, D. (2024). Local Administration of Regulatory T Cells Promotes Tissue Healing. Nat. Commun., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51353-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghanian, A., Hosseini, S.H., Baino, F., K\u0131z\u0131lkurtlu, A.A., Safaee, S., Vaseghi, M., Farmani, R., and Miri, A.K. (2026). Recent Advancements in Oxygen-Releasing Materials for Tissue Regenerative Medicine and Wound Healing. Mater. Today Commun., 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.114582"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., An, T., Yang, Y., Xu, Z., Chen, S., Yi, Z., Deng, C., Zhou, F., Man, Y., and Hu, C. (2024). TLR9 Activation in Large Wound Induces Tissue Repair and Hair Follicle Regeneration via \u03b3\u03b4T Cells. Cell Death Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06994-y"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2023.0071","article-title":"Wound-Induced Hair Follicle Neogenesis as a Promising Approach for Hair Regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"50","article-title":"Preparation of Chitin\/Hyaluronic Acid\/Collagen Hydrogel Loaded with Mouse Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Its Effects on Wound Healing of Full-Thickness Skin Defects in Rats","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, D., Cui, H., Chen, Z., Li, H., Li, B., and Wang, J. (2025). Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Predominantly Inflammatory Endothelial Cell Responses and Suppressed Vascular Repair in Silicosis. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1629226"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:19:07Z","timestamp":1780679947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/11\/1981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31111981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31111981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]}}}