{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:29:39Z","timestamp":1785403779960,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-NR060117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR060117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2021-NR060117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR060117"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02292973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02292973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02292973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02292973"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04cqyfy93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with features of amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) accumulations, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic losses. Despite extensive therapeutic investigations for many decades, the clinical treatment options remained largely symptomatic, while anti-amyloid antibody therapies were expensive and had limited accessibility. A subclass of triterpenoids generated from plants, pentacyclic triterpenic acids (PTAs), exhibited a variety of pharmacological properties. The neuroprotective effects of some important PTAs in AD models were reviewed in this study. These phytochemicals displayed a multimodal neuroprotection by lowering amyloid and tau, improving mitochondrial function, inhibiting inflammation, and improving synaptic plasticity and cognition. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of several PTAs remained poorly characterized. In addition, most evidence were preclinical, while poor bioavailability and the limited clinical validation hindered the therapeutic translation. Studies were needed to evaluate these phytochemicals in AD, improve their pharmacokinetics, and enhance brain delivery. Their diverse bioactivities and encouraging preclinical findings suggest these compounds may serve as promising lead candidates for future drug development in neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multitarget Actions of Pentacyclic Triterpenic Acids in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanistic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Ageing-Related Diseases, Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Soo A.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Ageing-Related Diseases, Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464376","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2025.2464376","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy in Excitotoxicity, Synaptic Mitochondrial Stress and Neurodegeneration","volume":"4","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autophagy Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, C.X., Dai, C.L., Liu, F., and Iqbal, K. (2022). Multi-Targets: An Unconventional Drug Development Strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.837649"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moise, G., J\u00eejie, A.-R., Moac\u0103, E.-A., Predescu, I.-A., Dehelean, C.A., Heghe\u0219, A., Vlad, D.C., Popescu, R., and Vlad, C.S. (2024). Plants\u2019 Impact on the Human Brain\u2014Exploring the Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Potential of Plants. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101339"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., Tan, M.A., and An, S.S.A. (2021). Phytosterols: Potential Metabolic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212255"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of triterpenes on the immune system","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-026-05772-5","article-title":"Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenes in the Management of Neurological Disorders: An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"63","author":"Upadhayay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-10056-8","article-title":"Pentacyclic triterpenoids: Diversity, distribution and their propitious pharmacological potential","volume":"24","author":"Malik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2412839","article-title":"Pentacyclic triterpenes as bioactive compounds isolated from Mauritia flexuosa L. f. acting against the Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socaciu, M.A., Diaconeasa, Z., Rugina, D., Socaciu, C., Moldovan, R., and Clichici, S. (2026). Mechanistic Insights into the Metabolic Pathways and Neuroprotective Potential of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids: In-Depth Analysis of Betulin, Betulinic, and Ursolic Acids. Biomolecules, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010025"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J., Lee, H., Hong, S., Lee, J., and Kim, Y. (2024). Comparison of the Antioxidant Potency of Four Triterpenes of Centella asiatica against Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040483"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mioc, M., Milan, A., Mali\u021ba, D., Mioc, A., Prodea, A., Racoviceanu, R., Ghiulai, R., Cristea, A., C\u0103runtu, F., and \u0218oica, C. (2022). Recent Advances Regarding the Molecular Mechanisms of Triterpenic Acids: A Review (Part I). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147740"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaggiari, C., Annunziato, G., and Costantino, G. (2024). Ursolic and oleanolic acids: Two natural triterpenoids targeting antibacterial multidrug tolerance and biofilm formation. Front. Nat. Prod., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fntpr.2024.1456361"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39436","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA07602H","article-title":"Construction, structural modification, and bioactivity evaluation of pentacyclic triterpenoid privileged scaffolds in active natural products","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcr146","article-title":"CYP716A subfamily members are multifunctional oxidases in triterpenoid biosynthesis","volume":"52","author":"Fukushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14153","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14153","article-title":"The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis","volume":"8","author":"Miettinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Niu, Y., Bakur, A., Li, H., and Chen, Q. (2017). Cell-Free Production of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Compound Betulinic Acid from Betulin by the Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071075"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00538","article-title":"Structure\u2013Activity Relationships of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Enzymes","volume":"82","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1021\/jm900872z","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship study of betulinic acid, a novel and selective TGR5 agonist, and its synthetic derivatives: Potential impact in diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Genet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1008-6138","article-title":"Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review","volume":"85","author":"Razali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Aktiengesellschaft, H. (1999). Medicines for Treating Dementia or Cognitive Disorder, Which Comprises Asiatic Acid Derivatives. (No. 6,169,112), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Xiong, Y., Sun, J., Chen, C., Gao, J., and Xu, H. (2018). Asiatic Acid Prevents Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Translocation of \u03b1-Synuclein Into Mitochondria. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00431"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15853","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of Asiatic acid","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.09.015","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Asiaticoside, Madecassoside and Asiatic Acid in Porcine Brain Endothelial Cell Model","volume":"110","author":"Hanapi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115865","article-title":"A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb","volume":"302","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106935","article-title":"Preparation, physicochemical characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluations of asiatic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles formulated with natural waxes for nose-to-brain delivery","volume":"203","author":"Rojanaratha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130761","article-title":"Reduced VDAC1 protects against Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mitochondria, and synaptic deficiencies","volume":"37","author":"Manczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.03.003","article-title":"Upregulation of mitochondrial protease HtrA2\/Omi contributes to manganese-induced neuronal apoptosis in rat brain striatum","volume":"268","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds360","article-title":"Abnormal interaction of VDAC1 with amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau causes mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Manczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9844-0","article-title":"Protective effects of asiatic acid on rotenone-or H2O2-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"34","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(99)00658-7","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationship study of asiatic acid derivatives against beta amyloid (A\u03b2)-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Jew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.03.010","article-title":"VDAC1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8606-4","article-title":"Ceramide in the molecular mechanisms of neuronal cell death. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"50","author":"Czubowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.01.006","article-title":"Asiatic acid protects primary neurons against C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis","volume":"679","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.07.016","article-title":"Asiatic acid protects differentiated PC12 cells from A\u03b2(25\u201335)-induced apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling","volume":"208","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryli\u0144ski, \u0141., Kostelecka, K., Woli\u0144ski, F., Duda, P., G\u00f3ra, J., Granat, M., Flieger, J., Teresi\u0144ski, G., Buszewicz, G., and Sitarz, R. (2023). Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087228"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2741\/s514","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of Asiatic acid in aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Rather","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2741\/e823","article-title":"Asiatic acid nullified aluminium toxicity in in vitro model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Rather","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2014.04.011","article-title":"Functional roles of CREB as a positive regulator in the formation and enhancement of memory","volume":"105","author":"Kida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.111","article-title":"Reduced pCREB in Alzheimer\u2019s disease prefrontal cortex is reflected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"21","author":"Bartolotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-13311","article-title":"Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract enhances phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in neuroblastoma cells expressing amyloid beta peptide","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, K.M., Bollen, M., David, J., Speers, A.B., Brandes, M.S., Gray, N.E., Alc\u00e1zar Maga\u00f1a, A., McClure, C., Stevens, J.F., and Maier, C.S. (2022). Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Key Components of a Standardized Centella asiatica Product in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020215"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Trials, C. (2026, May 15). Safety and Target Engagement of Centella Asiatica in Cognitive Impairment, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05591027."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09823-9","article-title":"Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Puttarak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demets, O.V., Takibayeva, A.T., Kassenov, R.Z., and Aliyeva, M.R. (2022). Methods of Betulin Extraction from Birch Bark. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113621"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<174::AID-PTR624>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Antioxidant activity ofBacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus","volume":"14","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiljanic, S., Messaraa, C., Lafon-Kolb, V., Hrapovic, N., Amini, N., Osterlund, C., and Visdal-Johnsen, L. (2022). Betula alba Bark Extract and Empetrum nigrum Fruit Juice, a Natural Alternative to Niacinamide for Skin Barrier Benefits. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012507"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, S., Vieira, M., Prud\u00eancio, C., and Ferraz, R. (2024). Betulinic Acid for Glioblastoma Treatment: Reality, Challenges and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042108"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13570","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of betulinic acid nanoformulations","volume":"1421","author":"Saneja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.F., Nahar, N., Rashid, R.B., Chowdhury, A., and Rashid, M.A. (2018). Computational investigations of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, toxicological properties and molecular docking of betulinic acid, a constituent of Corypha taliera (Roxb.) with Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2116-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1983.42","article-title":"Increased Blood\u2014Brain Barrier Transport of Protein-Bound Anticonvulsant Drugs in the Newborn","volume":"3","author":"Cornford","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wen, X., Wang, G., and Zhou, Y. (2021). Involvement of P-gp on Reversing Multidrug Resistance Effects of 23-Hydroxybetulinic Acid on Chemotherapeutic Agents. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.796745"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, M.E.M., Mahmoud, N., Sugimoto, Y., Efferth, T., and Abdel-Aziz, H. (2018). Betulinic Acid Exerts Cytotoxic Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells via Targeting Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor (AMFR). Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00481"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt272","article-title":"Targeting the proper amyloid-beta neuronal toxins: A path forward for Alzheimer\u2019s disease immunotherapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Goure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolar, M., Hey, J., Power, A., and Abushakra, S. (2021). Neurotoxic Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Drive Alzheimer\u2019s Pathogenesis and Represent a Clinically Validated Target for Slowing Disease Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126355"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1021\/cn300030a","article-title":"The Natural Product Betulinic Acid Rapidly Promotes Amyloid-\u03b2 Fibril Formation at the Expense of Soluble Oligomers","volume":"3","author":"Planchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.10.002","article-title":"The effects of betulinic acid on neurobehavioral activity, electrophysiology and histological changes in an animal model of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"337","author":"Navabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.09.031","article-title":"Activation and inhibition of the proteasome by betulinic acid and its derivatives","volume":"581","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1021\/cn100067e","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 peptide is a substrate of the human 20S proteasome","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3923\/crn.2014.18.24","article-title":"In silico docking of mangrove derived ligands against Alzheimer\u2019s receptor proteins","volume":"4","author":"Manigandan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2014.895720","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitory triterpenoids from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana","volume":"30","author":"Jamila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.05.015","article-title":"Betulinic acid, a natural PDE inhibitor restores hippocampal cAMP\/cGMP and BDNF, improve cerebral blood flow and recover memory deficits in permanent BCCAO induced vascular dementia in rats","volume":"832","author":"Kaundal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114170","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cognitive amelioration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"232","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misrani, A., Tabassum, S., and Yang, L. (2021). Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.617588"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12503","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12503","article-title":"The protective effect of betulinic acid on microvascular responsivity and protein expression in alzheimer disease induced by cerebral micro-injection of beta-amyloid and streptozotocin","volume":"25","author":"Sarkaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.11.020","article-title":"Protective effect of betulinic acid against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in rats: Possible neurotransmitters and neuroinflammatory mechanism","volume":"70","author":"Kaundal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2011.01.007","article-title":"Betulinic acid protects against cerebral ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in mice by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musayeva, A., Unkrig, J.C., Zhutdieva, M.B., Manicam, C., Ruan, Y., Laspas, P., Chronopoulos, P., G\u00f6bel, M.L., Pfeiffer, N., and Brochhausen, C. (2021). Betulinic Acid Protects from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Retina. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092440"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.050","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of betulinic acid on oxidative damage and apoptosis in the splenocytes of dexamethasone treated mice","volume":"27","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.073","article-title":"Betulinic acid attenuates dexamethasone-induced oxidative damage through the JNK-P38 MAPK signaling pathway in mice","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00098","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Betulinic Acid on LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Involve M2 Microglial Polarization via CaMKK\u03b2-Dependent AMPK Activation","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2016.08.002","article-title":"Boswellic acid\u2013Medicinal use of an ancient herbal remedy","volume":"6","author":"Vuddanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41334-1_13","article-title":"Boswellic Acids and Their Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"928","author":"Ammon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39809","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39809","article-title":"Acetyl-11-Keto-\u03b2-Boswellic Acid Attenuates Prooxidant and Profibrotic Mechanisms Involving Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21, and Improves Vascular Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","volume":"6","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaro\u0161, P., Vrublevskaya, M., Loko\u010dov\u00e1, K., Michailidu, J., Kolouchov\u00e1, I., and Demnerov\u00e1, K. (2022). Boswellia serrata Extract as an Antibiofilm Agent against Candida spp.. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010171"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bahlani, S., Burney, I.A., Al-Dhahli, B., Al-Kharusi, S., Al-Kharousi, F., Al-Kalbani, A., and Ahmed, I. (2020). Boswellic acid sensitizes gastric cancer cells to Cisplatin-induced apoptosis via p53-mediated pathway. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00442-1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.04.017","article-title":"The potential role of boswellic acids in cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"377","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1107-9337","article-title":"11-Keto-\u03b2-Boswellic Acid Attenuates Glutamate Release and Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity in the Rat Hippocampus","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121196","article-title":"Boswellic acids as promising agents for the management of brain diseases","volume":"312","author":"Rajabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.10.009","article-title":"In vitro metabolism, permeation, and brain availability of six major boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata gum resins","volume":"84","author":"Gerbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-931536","article-title":"Modulation of Pgp function by boswellic acids","volume":"72","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.10.005","article-title":"Permeation of Boswellia extract in the Caco-2 model and possible interactions of its constituents KBA and AKBA with OATP1B3 and MRP2","volume":"36","author":"Kanzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, C.-T., Uruno, A., Katsuoka, F., and Yamamoto, M. (2024). Role of NRF2 in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121529"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Lu, L., Pember, E., Li, X., Zhang, B., and Zhu, Z. (2022). New Insights into Neuroinflammation Involved in Pathogenic Mechanism of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Its Potential for Therapeutic Intervention. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121925"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128269289231226115446","article-title":"Neuro-protective Effect of Acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic Acid in a Rat Model of Scopolamine-induced Cholinergic Dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Assaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08523","article-title":"3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid ameliorates acquired, consolidated and recognitive memory deficits through the regulation of hippocampal PPAR \u03b3, MMP9 and MMP2 genes in dementia model","volume":"7","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.022","article-title":"Acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid ameliorates cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-\u03b2 levels in APPswe\/PS1dE9 mice through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"150","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155107","article-title":"The effects of acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid on brain cytokines and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats","volume":"131","author":"Marefati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01020.x","article-title":"Inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 as a molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory actions of boswellic acids from frankincense","volume":"162","author":"Siemoneit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0734-7","article-title":"Co-administration of 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid potentiates the protective effect of celecoxib in lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in mice: Possible implication of anti-inflammatory and antiglutamatergic pathways","volume":"59","author":"Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A.M., Chauhan, L., Bhardwaj, A., Sharma, A., Fayaz, F., Kumar, B., Alhashmi, M., AlHajri, N., Alam, M.S., and Pottoo, F.H. (2022). Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051143"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourhossein, S., Mianrood, I.B., Khatami, S.H., Ehtiati, S., Ghasemian, M., Mokhtari, F., Ahmadzade, R., Goudarzi, M., Hamed, N., and Namvarjah, F. (2026). Acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid attenuates tau oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma cell model. BMC Neurosci., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-026-00996-6"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"46","article-title":"Beta Boswellic Acid Reduces Tau Phosphorylation Level and Enhances Reelin Expression in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Shasaltaneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Iran."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1317","article-title":"PP2A regulates tau phosphorylation directly and also indirectly via activating GSK-3\u03b2","volume":"19","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01089-4","article-title":"Betulinic Acid Hydroxamate is Neuroprotective and Induces Protein Phosphatase 2A-Dependent HIF-1\u03b1 Stabilization and Post-transcriptional Dephosphorylation of Prolyl Hydrolase 2","volume":"18","author":"Prados","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00639-7","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease improved through the activity of mitochondrial chain complexes and their gene expression in rats by boswellic acid","volume":"36","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrtata, N., Emsley, H.C.A., Sparasci, O., Parkes, L.M., and Dickie, B.R. (2021). A Systematic Review of Glucose Transport Alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.626636"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.-R., Huang, J.-B., Yang, S.-L., and Hong, F.-F. (2022). Role of Cholinergic Signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061816"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160612","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer\u2019s disease Neurons","volume":"57","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.001","article-title":"Boswellic Acid Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model Through Its Antioxidant Activity:-Neuroprotective effect of Boswellic acid","volume":"20","author":"Ebrahimpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221026","article-title":"Boswellic Acids Improve Clinical Cognitive Scores and Reduce Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"94","author":"Karima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e063660","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.063660","article-title":"Boswellic acids (K-Vie\u2122) improves clinical cognitive scores and reduces systemic inflammation in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Karima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2059816","article-title":"Boswellia serrata extract shows cognitive benefits in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial in individuals who suffered traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Meshkat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"149","article-title":"Effect of Boswellia papyrifera on cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Sedighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104510","article-title":"Potential of herb-drug\/herb interactions between substrates and inhibitors of UGTs derived from herbal medicines","volume":"150","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06455-6","article-title":"18\u03b2-Glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses allergic airway inflammation through NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways in asthma mice","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Almaz\u00e1n, S., Sol\u00eds-Dom\u00ednguez, L.C., Duperou-Luna, P., Fuerte-G\u00f3mez, T., Gonz\u00e1lez-Andrade, M., Aranda-Barradas, M.E., Palacios-Espinosa, J.F., P\u00e9rez-Villanueva, J., Matadamas-Mart\u00ednez, F., and Miranda-Castro, S.P. (2023). Anti-Diabetic Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives FC-114 and FC-122: Scale-Up, In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612812"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Song, G.C., Weng, F.Y., Zou, B., Jin, J.Y., Yan, D.M., Tan, B., Zhao, J., Li, Y., and Qiu, F.R. (2022). Hepatoprotective Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Lithocholic Acid-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Through Choleretic and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.881231"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02904-0","article-title":"The antitumor mechanism of glycyrrhetinic acid and its applications in cancer treatment","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177098","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizic acid and its metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases: Evidence from animal models","volume":"985","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8843","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling","volume":"162","author":"Ploeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-100104400","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"33","author":"Ploeger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-007-0676-4","article-title":"Inhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 by dietary phytochemicals","volume":"62","author":"Nabekura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00408","article-title":"Liver-Targeted Co-delivery of Entecavir and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Based on Albumin Nanoparticle To Enhance the Accumulation of Entecavir","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.081","article-title":"Excretion profile of glycyrrhizin metabolite in human urine","volume":"131","author":"Kreft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Bruneton, J. (2008). Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, Editions M\u00e9dicales."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-012-9839-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier permeability of 18\u03b2-glycyrrhetinic acid, a major metabolite of glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza root, a constituent of the traditional Japanese medicine yokukansan","volume":"32","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, J., Du, F., Tang, T., Lim, J.C.W., Karuppiah, T., Liu, J., and Sun, Z. (2024). Neuroprotective Potential of Glycyrrhizic Acid in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17111493"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brackhan, M., Arribas-Blazquez, M., and Lastres-Becker, I. (2023). Aging, NRF2, and TAU: A Perfect Match for Neurodegeneration?. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081564"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109419","article-title":"Tau oligomer induced HMGB1 release contributes to cellular senescence and neuropathology linked to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"36","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-018-1018-2","article-title":"Comparative study of selective in vitro and in silico BACE1 inhibitory potential of glycyrrhizin together with its metabolites, 18\u03b1- and 18\u03b2-glycyrrhetinic acid, isolated from Hizikia fusiformis","volume":"41","author":"Wagle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6494","article-title":"18\u03b1-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Proteasome Activator Decelerates Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Progression in Caenorhabditis elegans and Neuronal Cultures","volume":"25","author":"Papaevgeniou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-006-9023-0","article-title":"Protective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. on the cognitive deficits caused by \u03b2-amyloid peptide 25\u201335 in young mice","volume":"7","author":"Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123387","article-title":"Nose-to-brain delivery of 18\u03b2-Glycyrrhetinic acid using optimized lipid nanocapsules: A novel alternative treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"645","author":"Gad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666160527163526","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic Acid Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia Associated with Oxidative Damage and Inhibition of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, R., Gao, J., Shen, J., Zhu, X., Wang, H., Feng, S., Huang, C., Shen, H., and Liu, H. (2020). Glycyrrhizic Acid Improves Cognitive Levels of Aging Mice by Regulating T\/B Cell Proliferation. Front. Aging Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.570116"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S326328","article-title":"The anticancer potential of maslinic acid and its derivatives: A review","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciu, G.D., Luca, A., Rusu, R.N., Bild, V., Beschea Chiriac, S.I., Solcan, C., Bild, W., and Ababei, D.C. (2020). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pharmacotherapy in Relation to Cholinergic System Involvement. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010040"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11538","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190811538","article-title":"Maslinic Acid, a Natural Phytoalexin-Type Triterpene from Olives\u2014A Promising Nutraceutical?","volume":"19","author":"Juan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amolm.2024.100060","article-title":"Unveiling the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of maslinic acid in diabetes mellitus: Insights from network pharmacology","volume":"5","author":"Sabarathinam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2010.00293","article-title":"Neuroprotection of Maslinic Acid, a Novel Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor, in Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"8","author":"Guan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.07.028","article-title":"Maslinic acid promotes synaptogenesis and axon growth via Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 activation in cerebral ischemia model","volume":"764","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161013110813","article-title":"Current State and Future Perspectives in QSAR Models to Predict Blood- Brain Barrier Penetration in Central Nervous System Drug R&D","volume":"17","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01824","article-title":"Explaining Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Permeability of Small Molecules by Integrated Analysis of Different Transport Mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2017.53.3.196","article-title":"NADPH Oxidase Mediates \u03b2-Amyloid Peptide-Induced Neuronal Death in Mouse Cortical Cultures","volume":"53","author":"Chay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10243","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04156","article-title":"Maslinic Acid Protected PC12 Cells Differentiated by Nerve Growth Factor against \u03b2-Amyloid-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P5","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-8-S1-P5","article-title":"RAGE targeted strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid \u03b2 peptide induced blood brain barrier dysfunctions","volume":"8","author":"Askarova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.09.175","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of maslinic acid, a natural triterpene, in cultured cortical astrocytes via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B","volume":"672","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvadores, N., Ger\u00f3nimo-Olvera, C., and Court, F.A. (2020). Axonal Degeneration in AD: The Contribution of A\u03b2 and Tau. Front. Aging Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.581767"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Tang, X., Guan, T., Li, Y., and Sun, H. (2016). Neuroprotection by Combined Administration with Maslinic Acid, a Natural Product from Olea europaea, and MK-801 in the Cerebral Ischemia Model. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081093"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.10.095","article-title":"Astrocytic glutamate transporter-dependent neuroprotection against glutamate toxicity: An in vitro study of maslinic acid","volume":"651","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160763","article-title":"Role of Glutamate and NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9748","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09748","article-title":"Scopolamine effects on functional brain connectivity: A pharmacological model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Bajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15042","article-title":"The effect of maslinic acid on cognitive dysfunction induced by cholinergic blockade in mice","volume":"177","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.09.007","article-title":"Converting maslinic acid into an effective inhibitor of acylcholinesterases","volume":"103","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayeleso, T.B., Matumba, M.G., and Mukwevho, E. (2017). Oleanolic Acid and Its Derivatives: Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential in Chronic Diseases. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111915"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa-Cabello, J.M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aparicio, \u00c1., Gonz\u00e1lez-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Perez-Mu\u00f1oz, G., Castellano, J.M., and Perona, J.S. (2026). Oleanolic Acid and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanistic Hypothesis of Therapeutic Potential. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16010494"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113785","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of oleanolic acid against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"343","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Lee, H., Lee, S., Yoon, Y., and Choi, K.H. (2015). Antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid on Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118800"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3385","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of oleanolic acid: A promising use of a traditional pharmacological agent","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112397","article-title":"Anticancer activity of oleanolic acid and its derivatives: Recent advances in evidence, target profiling and mechanisms of action","volume":"145","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1021\/np0601152","article-title":"In vivo wound-healing activity of oleanolic acid derived from the acid hydrolysis of Anredera diffusa","volume":"69","author":"Villegas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9523-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of oleanolic acid on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.530","article-title":"Dose-linear pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid after intravenous and oral administration in rats","volume":"28","author":"Jeong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.108892","article-title":"P-glycoprotein modulates oleanolic acid effects in hepatocytes cancer cells and zebrafish embryos","volume":"315","author":"Kayouka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.09.018","article-title":"Role of Oleanolic acid in maintaining BBB integrity by targeting p38MAPK\/VEGF\/Src signaling pathway in rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"839","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173811","article-title":"Oleanolic acid exerts neuroprotective effects in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats through SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation","volume":"893","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s Activity of Oleanolic Acid: An In-vitro Study","volume":"19","author":"Srivastava","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pnik, K., Kukula-Koch, W., Plazinski, W., Rybicka, M., and Gawel, K. (2023). Neuroprotective Properties of Oleanolic Acid\u2014Computational-Driven Molecular Research Combined with In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1503.v1"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13292","article-title":"Oleanolic acid alleviates oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by regulating stanniocalcin-1 and uncoupling protein-2 signalling","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02181-5","article-title":"STC-1 alleviates airway inflammation by regulating epithelial cell apoptosis through the 5-LO pathway","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00260.2009","article-title":"Mammalian stanniocalcin-1 activates mitochondrial antioxidant pathways: New paradigms for regulation of macrophages and endothelium","volume":"298","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000085581.60197.4D","article-title":"Uncoupling Protein-2 Overexpression Inhibits Mitochondrial Death Pathway in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"93","author":"Teshima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.07.029","article-title":"Oleanolic acid ameliorates cognitive dysfunction caused by cholinergic blockade via TrkB-dependent BDNF signaling","volume":"113","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167459","article-title":"Oleanonic acid ameliorates mutant A\u03b2 precursor protein-induced oxidative stress, autophagy deficits, ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and ER stress in vitro","volume":"1870","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellano, J.M., Garcia-Rodriguez, S., Espinosa, J.M., Millan-Linares, M.C., Rada, M., and Perona, J.S. (2019). Oleanolic Acid Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect Against Microglial Cell Activation by Modulating Cytokine Release and Antioxidant Defense Systems. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110683"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.04.015","article-title":"Oleanolic acid protects against cognitive decline and neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxicity by blocking secretory phospholipase A2 IIA-activated calcium signals","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.130169","article-title":"BDNF\u2013ERK\u2013CREB signalling mediates the role of miR-132 in the regulation of the effects of oleanolic acid in male mice","volume":"39","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Qin, P., Cheng, X., Wu, L., Wang, R., and Gao, W. (2023). Ursolic acid: Biological functions and application in animal husbandry. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1251248"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162024605974","article-title":"Ursolic Acid: Sources, Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, Application","volume":"51","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8413","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S264070","article-title":"Ursolic acid protects against proliferation and inflammatory response in LPS-treated gastric tumour model and cells by inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome activation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1203755","article-title":"Ursolic acid, a potential anticancer compound for breast cancer therapy","volume":"58","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X10666160711143904","article-title":"Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid: Pentacyclic terpenoids with promising anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"10","author":"Kashyap","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent. Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19011317","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ursolic acid and derivatives","volume":"19","author":"Lemos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M., Ali, S., Ahmed, S., Elasbali, A.M., Adnan, M., Islam, A., Hassan, M.I., and Yadav, D.K. (2021). Therapeutic potential of ursolic acid in cancer and diabetic neuropathy diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212162"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101900","article-title":"Recent developments on ursolic acid and its potential biological applications","volume":"14","author":"Arulnangai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.12.032","article-title":"Ursolic acid promotes the neuroprotection by activating Nrf2 pathway after cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"1497","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6799","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26541","article-title":"Ursolic acid ameliorates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the NOXs\/ROS pathway","volume":"233","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4651-x","article-title":"Development of a liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry method for the determination of ursolic acid in rat plasma and tissue: Application to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study","volume":"399","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.10.020","article-title":"Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in human liver microsomes","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(16)30004-9","article-title":"Effect of ursolic acid on breast cancer resistance protein-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vivo and vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-011-0048-7","article-title":"The effect of herbal medicine danshensu and ursolic acid on pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats","volume":"36","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.023","article-title":"The logic of the 26S proteasome","volume":"169","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.12.004","article-title":"Ursolic acid ameliorates amyloid \u03b2-induced pathological symptoms in Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the proteasome","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.21522\/TIJPH.2013.13.01.Art087","article-title":"Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Anti-Alzheimer Effect of Ursolic Acid","volume":"13","author":"Padmanaban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Texila Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00988-2","article-title":"Ursolic acid enhances autophagic clearance and ameliorates motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease mice model","volume":"44","author":"Bang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501314g","article-title":"p-Coumaric acid and ursolic acid from corni fructus attenuated \u03b2-Amyloid25\u201335-induced toxicity through regulation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in PC12 cells","volume":"62","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10831","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170910831","article-title":"Protective effects of the key compounds isolated from Corni fructus against \u03b2-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34914","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.232116","article-title":"A high content drug screen identifies ursolic acid as an inhibitor of amyloid \u03b2 protein interactions with its receptor CD36","volume":"286","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza, F.J., and Zahid, S. (2022). Ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid ameliorate alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis and social memory induced by amyloid beta in mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1058358"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111562","article-title":"Ursolic acid improves cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic mice by preventing complement 3 secretion and neuropathy","volume":"231","author":"Suo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Ursolic Acid on Aluminium Chloride-Induced Alzheimer Disease In Rats","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.126858","article-title":"Pyrola incarnata demonstrates neuroprotective effects against \u03b2-amyloid-induced memory impairment in mice","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.6026\/9732063002002080","article-title":"Terminalia arjuna: An overview of its magical properties","volume":"20","author":"Rajaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.02.003","article-title":"Arjunolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponin of Terminalia arjuna bark protects neurons from oxidative stress associated damage in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"67","author":"Yaidikar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118225","article-title":"Arjunolic acid ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior by inhibiting neuroinflammation via microglial SIRT1\/AMPK\/Notch1 signaling pathway","volume":"330","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153696","article-title":"Corosolic acid and its structural analogs: A systematic review of their biological activities and underlying mechanism of action","volume":"91","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"175","article-title":"In silico study on evaluation of corosolic acid of Lagerstroemia speciosa against Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Venkateswarulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. Gulf J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, P., Wang, Y., Carnevale, L.N., Patel, P., Raspur, C.K., Tran, N., Zhang, X., Natarajan, R., Roberts, A.J., and Baran, P.S. (2025). diAcCA, a Pro-Drug for Carnosic Acid That Activates the Nrf2 Transcriptional Pathway, Shows Efficacy in the 5xFAD Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030293"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021310","article-title":"Triterpene composition and bioactivities of Centella asiatica","volume":"16","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jusril, N.A., Muhamad Juhari, A.N.N., Abu Bakar, S.I., Md Saad, W.M., and Adenan, M.I. (2020). Combining In Silico and In Vitro Studies to Evaluate the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Profile of Different Accessions and the Biomarker Triterpenes of Centella asiatica. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153353"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210271","article-title":"Prolonged Treatment with Centella asiatica Improves Memory, Reduces Amyloid-\u03b2 Pathology, and Activates NRF2-Regulated Antioxidant Response Pathway in 5xFAD Mice","volume":"81","author":"Zweig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1163-1","article-title":"Centella asiatica attenuates the neurobehavioral, neurochemical and histological changes in transient focal middle cerebral artery occlusion rats","volume":"34","author":"Tabassum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1186142","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of madecassic acid via the suppression of NF-\u03baB pathway in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells","volume":"76","author":"Won","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/12\/2018\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:59:42Z","timestamp":1781053182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/12\/2018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31122018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31122018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}