{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1781326631089,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero Universit\u00e0 e Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PNRR-M4C2, ECS_00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-M4C2, ECS_00000022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pressing issues of organic pollutants contamination of aquatic ecosystems challenges current research. Herein, we prepared three melamine-based POFs, to remove organic dyes from water. Melamine was polymerized with 1,4-dibromobutane (POF-1,4), terephthalaldehyde (POF-TerA) and trimesic acid (POF-TriA), obtaining POFs of different structural order degree and aromaticity. POFs were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. They were employed to remove cationic (Rhodamine B, RhB and Methylene Blue, MB) and anionic dyes (Methyl Orange, MO and Eosin Yellow, EY), using UV-vis investigation. The adsorption process was studied from the kinetic and thermodynamic points of view and reusing the best adsorbent was also considered. Data collected evidence that adsorption capacity depends on the POF structure, with maximum adsorption capacity, according to Langmuir isotherm model, of 329 mg\/g for POF-1,4\/MO and 472 mg\/g for POF-TerA\/RhB. Interactions involved in the adsorption were also elucidated. Comparison with reported data demonstrates that our materials show comparable performance to some previously reported systems. Furthermore, POF-TriA, is effective for dye mixtures and reusable three times without performance loss, after washing with methanol, avoiding harsh acidic\/basic treatments. Results obtained systematically relate the adsorption efficiency to structural features of melamine-based POFs, representing useful support in designing such materials to remove selected classes of contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Melamine-Based Porous Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent Materials for the Removal of Organic Dyes from Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Marullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento STEBICEF, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Raia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento STEBICEF, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Fiorenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania, Via A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina Maria","family":"Calvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento DiFC, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3086-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giannici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento DiFC, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Impellizzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6171-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"D\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento STEBICEF, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603945","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603945","article-title":"Selective Molecular Sieving in Self-Standing Porous Covalent-Organic-Framework Membranes","volume":"29","author":"Kandambeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.08.008","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of G-C3N4\/Ag3VO4 Composites with Significantly Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity for Triphenylmethane Dye Degradation","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.03.028","article-title":"Decolorization of Dye-Containing Aqueous Solutions by the Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF) Process Using a Hollow Fiber Membrane Module","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.2c00066","article-title":"How Ionic Liquid Gels Work on the Removal of Bisphenol A from Wastewater","volume":"3","author":"Marullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.07.066","article-title":"Superior Adsorption Performance for Triphenylmethane Dyes on 3D Architectures Assembled by ZnO Nanosheets as Thin as \u223c1.5 nm","volume":"318","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN01042A","article-title":"Carbon-Based Ionic Liquid Gels: Alternative Adsorbents for Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater","volume":"8","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300639","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202300639","article-title":"Combining Carbon Materials and Ionic Liquid Gels to Boost Simultaneous Removal of Emerging Pollutants from Wastewaters","volume":"8","author":"Marullo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101075","article-title":"Clay and Sawdust-Based Filters Efficiency for the Removal of Dyes, Chromium, and Bacterial Load: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents","volume":"322","author":"Sadaqat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140915","article-title":"Recent Developments in Conductive Polysaccharide Adsorbent Formulations for Environmental Remediation: A Review","volume":"304","author":"Abdallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135308","article-title":"Multi-Functional CaO@GO Catalyst and Adsorbent Derived from Eggshell Waste for Removal of Environmental Pollutants","volume":"396","author":"Helmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107466","article-title":"Carbon-Based Catalytic Membranes for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water Using Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Technology: A Review","volume":"72","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.10.015","article-title":"Synergistic Integration of Biochar and Graphene Oxide in Multi-Functional Composites: From Sustainable Synthesis to Environmental Remediation and Energy Storage","volume":"144","author":"Kalderis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202404885","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202404885","article-title":"MXene-Based Nanomaterials for Pollution Remediation: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Swain","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/21622515.2025.2466757","article-title":"MXene and MXene-Based Hybrid Materials for Pharmaceutical-Induced Pollutants Removal via Adsorption and Photocatalysis: A Critical Viewpoint","volume":"14","author":"Arshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216534","article-title":"Preparation Strategies of Waste-Derived MOF and Their Applications in Water Remediation: A Systematic Review","volume":"533","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11259","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00521J","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) and Their Derivatives in Environmental Pollution Control","volume":"53","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120411","article-title":"Porous, Crystalline, Covalent Organic Frameworks","volume":"310","author":"Benin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00550","article-title":"Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Functions","volume":"120","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6248","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00009D","article-title":"Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis and Property","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00537A","article-title":"Nanoscale Covalent Organic Frameworks as Theranostic Platforms for Oncotherapy: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications","volume":"2","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23975","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202106259","article-title":"The Current Status of MOF and COF Applications","volume":"60","author":"Freund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00183","article-title":"Covalent Organic Polymers and Frameworks for Fluorescence-Based Sensors","volume":"6","author":"Skorjanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00463","article-title":"Covalent Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Principle, Current Status, and Challenges","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.115746","article-title":"Charging the Future: The Revolution of Covalent Organic Frameworks in the Path to Batteries and Supercapacitors","volume":"114","author":"Ghehsareh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400807","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202400807","article-title":"Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Disease Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202303781","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202303781","article-title":"Tuning the Topology of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks through Site-Selective Synthetic Strategy","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142706","article-title":"A Sulfonate-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Record-High Adsorption and Effective Separation of Organic Dyes","volume":"464","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126765","article-title":"Construction of a Carboxyl-Functionalized Clover-like Covalent Organic Framework for Selective Adsorption of Organic Dyes","volume":"340","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202204012","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202204012","article-title":"Chiral Covalent Organic Framework Packed Nanochannel Membrane for Enantioseparation","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35072F","article-title":"Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): From Design to Applications","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00771H","article-title":"Advances in Porous Organic Polymers: Syntheses, Structures, and Diverse Applications","volume":"3","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC05787A","article-title":"Porous Organic Framework Membranes Based on Interface-Induced Polymerisation: Design, Synthesis and Applications","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-016-0160-9","article-title":"Covalent Organic Framework Based on Melamine and Dibromoalkanes for Versatile Use","volume":"23","author":"Sahiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342235","article-title":"Aptasensor Based on High Surface Area Covalent Organic Framework for Simple and Ultrasensitive Detection of Sarcosine in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer","volume":"1291","author":"Hamdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14922","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ02837A","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of a Covalent Organic Framework (COF) Based on the Reaction of Melamine and Trimesic Acid Incorporated Electrospun Nanofiber and Its Application as an Electrochemical Tyrosinamide Aptasensor","volume":"44","author":"Sarabaegi","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlova, N., Nikolajeva, I., Pu\u010dkins, A., Belyakov, S., and Kirilova, E. (2021). Heterocyclic Schiff Bases of 3-Aminobenzanthrone and Their Reduced Analogues: Synthesis, Properties and Spectroscopy. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092570"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.215659","article-title":"Advanced Development of Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: Valency Design, Functionalization, and Applications","volume":"504","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of Gases, with Special Reference to the Evaluation of Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Liu, H., Mathe, S., Dong, A., and Zhang, J. (2017). Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Materials Design to Biomedical Application. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8010015"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2022.112297","article-title":"Synthesis of Melamine-Based Crystalline Porous Polymers and Its Silver-Doped Composites with One-Pot Approach for Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol","volume":"346","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b01891","article-title":"Triazine Functionalized Porous Covalent Organic Framework for Photo-Organocatalytic E\u2014Z Isomerization of Olefins","volume":"141","author":"Bhadra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17077","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA01546C","article-title":"The Order\u2013Disorder Conundrum: A Trade-off between Crystalline and Amorphous Porous Organic Polymers for Task-Specific Applications","volume":"10","author":"Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.08.026","article-title":"Flux of Ionic Dyes across Microneedle-Treated Skin: Effect of Molecular Characteristics","volume":"438","author":"Gomaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.134057","article-title":"Selective Adsorption and Efficient Separation of Methylene Blue Dye in a Water-Stable Nickel-Based Metal\u2013Organic Framework","volume":"376","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.10.101","article-title":"Microwave Assisted Preparation of Microporous Activated Carbon from Siris Seed Pods for Adsorption of Metronidazole Antibiotic","volume":"214","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122156","article-title":"Adsorption Kinetic Models: Physical Meanings, Applications, and Solving Methods","volume":"390","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122218","article-title":"Fast and Efficient Adsorptive Removal of Organic Dyes and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient by Microporous Carbon: Effect of Molecular Size and Charge","volume":"378","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.165373","article-title":"Carboxyl-Functionalized 3D Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework for High-Efficiency Adsorption of Cationic Dyes","volume":"720","author":"Nie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1021\/je9902894","article-title":"Langmuir Isotherm Models Applied to the Multicomponent Sorption of Acid Dyes from Effluent onto Activated Carbon","volume":"45","author":"Choy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1997.4813","article-title":"A Dynamic Approach to Brownian Coagulation of Electrostatically Stabilized Colloid Particles. Diffusion Relaxation of the Adsorption Layer","volume":"189","author":"Shulepov","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165742","article-title":"Phosphinic Acid-Functionalized MOF, MIL-101-PO2H2: Remarkable Adsorbent to Selectively Remove Cationic Dyes from Water","volume":"520","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500738k","article-title":"Preparation of Cellulose\/Graphene Composite and Its Applications for Triazine Pesticides Adsorption from Water","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.06.005","article-title":"Multi-Carboxylic Magnetic Gel from Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Formed by Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization for Efficient and Selective Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Methyl Violet Dyes","volume":"529","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106674","article-title":"Thermodynamic Parameters of Liquid\u2013Phase Adsorption Process Calculated from Different Equilibrium Constants Related to Adsorption Isotherms: A Comparison Study","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13979","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.9b01959","article-title":"An Anionic Nanotubular Metal\u2013Organic Framework for High-Capacity Dye Adsorption and Dye Degradation in Darkness","volume":"58","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"100680","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Imide-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Cationic Dye Adsorption: Synthesis, Characterization, Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.126094","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Salts on Dye Wastewater Separation Performance in TpPa-1 Membrane via Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"414","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12453","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b03002","article-title":"Self-Sustaining Supramolecular Ionic Liquid Gels for Dye Adsorption","volume":"6","author":"Rizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/op4002565","article-title":"Sanofi\u2019s Solvent Selection Guide: A Step Toward More Sustainable Processes","volume":"17","author":"Prat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.109764","article-title":"A Covalent Organic Framework Exhibiting Amphiphilic Selective Adsorption toward Ionic Organic Dyes Tuned by pH Value","volume":"133","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135075","article-title":"A pH-Dependent and Charge Selective Covalent Organic Framework for Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"476","author":"Rastegari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NJ05381H","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Cationic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Abundant Protonated Pyridine Nitrogen Groups for Selective Absorption of Organic Dyes","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2013.12.016","article-title":"Adsorption Removal of Organic Dyes on Covalent Triazine Framework (CTF)","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ00424A","article-title":"Novel Imine-Linked Porphyrin Covalent Organic Frameworks with Good Adsorption Removing Properties of RhB","volume":"41","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c00304","article-title":"Construction of Large-Pore Crystalline Covalent Organic Framework as High-Performance Adsorbent for Rhodamine B Dye Removal","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.15699","article-title":"Efficient Removal of Organic Dye Pollutants Using Covalent Organic Frameworks","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127279","article-title":"Adsorption Isotherm Models: Classification, Physical Meaning, Application and Solving Method","volume":"258","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/12\/2022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:26:22Z","timestamp":1781324782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/12\/2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31122022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31122022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}