{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:33Z","timestamp":1785421653510,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["20250203072SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250203072SF"]}]},{"award":["20250203072SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250203072SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049x38272","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jilin Province","award":["KYJF2026ZY016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYJF2026ZY016"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jilin Province","award":["KYJF2026ZY023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYJF2026ZY023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), ubiquitous plasticizers and recognized endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pose a protracted threat to aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. However, current ecotoxicological assessments often focus on isolated chemicals at exceedingly high laboratory doses, failing to reflect true environmental risks. This review systematically evaluates and compares the multisystemic toxicological effects of six priority PAEs (DEHP, DBP, BBP, DNOP, DEP, and DMP) using the zebrafish biological model. The synthesized evidence reveals a distinct structure\u2013activity relationship, where long-chain and highly hydrophobic congeners exhibit substantially higher toxicity than their short-chain counterparts. Exposure to these PAEs induces severe developmental, cardiovascular, neurobehavioral, and reproductive anomalies. Specifically, DBP and BBP display the most potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects, while DEHP and DBP drive profound reproductive decline and endocrine disruption at concentrations as low as 0.5\u201320 \u03bcg\/L. Crucially, comparative environmental relevance assessments indicate that real-world PAE concentrations in industrial hotspots frequently meet or exceed these laboratory-derived lowest observed effect concentrations. These findings underscore the severe ecological risks posed by PAE contamination and position the zebrafish as a vital biological sentinel. Future ecotoxicological evaluations must prioritize chronic, low-dose mixture exposures and transgenerational toxicity to fully characterize the protracted legacy of these pollutants on zebrafish populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"2024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicological Effects of Phthalate Plasticizers in Zebrafish Models: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5544-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongming","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiezhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Letcher, T.M. 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