{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:53:30Z","timestamp":1781495610413,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dandruff (DF) is a prevalent, recurrent inflammatory scalp disorder increasingly recognized as a complex state of functional dysbiosis rather than a simple Malassezia overcolonization. The scalp microbiome is predominantly shaped by Malassezia species (M. restricta and M. globosa), Cutibacterium, and Staphylococcus species. Recent multi-omics evidence indicates that DF pathogenesis is driven by the destabilization of microbial interaction networks and strain-level functional heterogeneity, characterized by the disruption of the C. acnes\/S. epidermidis balance and the opportunistic expansion of Staphylococcus aureus. Mechanistically, Malassezia utilizes its lipolytic repertoire to hydrolyze host sebum into irritant free fatty acids and peroxides. Concurrently, oxidative metabolites like squalene peroxide (SQOOH) penetrate the stratum corneum to activate the NF-\u03baB and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathways, triggering a pro-inflammatory cascade that overexpresses keratins (K6\/16\/17) and downregulates filaggrin. This molecular cascade drives abnormal keratinocyte turnover and lipidomic remodeling, establishing a self-perpetuating \u201cmetabolism\u2013inflammation\u2013barrier disruption\u201d pathological cycle. This review systematically elucidates the molecular etiology of DF as an ecological disorder driven by a tripartite imbalance among the microbiome, host physiology, and the environmental niche. We propose that next-generation therapeutic paradigms must transcend traditional antifungal eradication, focusing instead on targeted molecular intervention and microecological restoration to recalibrate overall scalp homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"2093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Scalp Microbiome Research: Molecular Insights into the Metabolism-Inflammation-Barrier Axis and Dandruff Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8083-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Lan Divine Technology Co, Ltd., Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youjie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3079-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.12.034","article-title":"Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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