{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:55:20Z","timestamp":1781769320996,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental Protection Science Research and Achievement Promotion Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2025HT0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HT0061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the global water environment and may pose potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Herein, we present a simple and efficient method for accurate quantification of nineteen OPEs in water based on automated liquid\u2013liquid extraction (LLE) with dichloromethane and hexane, followed by gas chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS) with isotope dilution calibration. This method demonstrated a negligible matrix effect, satisfactory recoveries (70\u2013120%), and low limits of detection (0.46\u20132.32 ng\/L). A total of 3, 9, 10, and 11 OPEs were detected in Wahaha pure water, tap water, river water, and seawater, respectively, with total OPE (\u2211OPE) concentration ranges of 8.23\u201318.5 ng\/L, 159\u2013218 ng\/L, 202\u2013623 ng\/L, and 111\u2013175 ng\/L, respectively. Among the detected OPEs, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the predominant compounds in four test water matrices. The risk quotient (RQ) results revealed that OPEs exhibited a low risk to algae, crustaceans and fish in the river water of Zhoushan and seawater of Sanmen Bay. Overall, the proposed method is sensitive and reliable for routine OPE analysis in drinking and environmental waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:22:56Z","timestamp":1781684576000},"page":"2131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Drinking and Environmental Waters by Automated Liquid\u2013Liquid Extraction Coupled with GC-MS\/MS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Guowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine and Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjian","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiejun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0219-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyong","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinglin","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.107322","article-title":"Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in bottled drinking water via solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"141","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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