{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:28:53Z","timestamp":1785414533541,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive candidiasis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing relevance of non-Candida albicans species, particularly Pichia kudriavzevii, which is associated with high mortality and intrinsic resistance to fluconazole. This study evaluated the effect of voriconazole (VRC) on P. kudriavzevii growth, biofilm formation, and metabolic activity under different nutritional conditions. Planktonic growth and biofilm development were analyzed in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB), RPMI-1640, and RPMI-1640 supplemented with glucose (20 g\u00b7L\u22121). Antifungal activity was assessed by optical density (OD570) and XTT reduction assays, and biofilm morphology was examined by light microscopy. Glucose consumption was also determined during growth. VRC showed dose-dependent inhibition in SDB, reducing growth and biofilm metabolic activity by up to 94% and 98%, respectively. In contrast, in RPMI-1640, inhibition was significantly lower (\u226427% growth and \u226477% biofilm reduction). Glucose supplementation partially restored antifungal susceptibility and increased biofilm metabolic activity. Growth kinetics confirmed VRC-induced delays in proliferation and impaired glucose utilization. These results demonstrate that VRC activity against P. kudriavzevii is strongly dependent on environmental nutrient availability, particularly glucose, which modulates fungal metabolism, biofilm development, and antifungal susceptibility, highlighting the importance of standardized antifungal susceptibility testing conditions and the role of metabolic state in azole efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:18:43Z","timestamp":1781860723000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Voriconazole Activity Against Pichia kudriavzevii: Influence of Glucose Availability and Culture Medium on Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Antifungal Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7890-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia Toledo","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento\u2014IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Para\u00edba\u2014UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5365-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia Nicolle J\u00e1come","family":"Cartaxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento\u2014IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Para\u00edba\u2014UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliene Cristina da Silva","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento\u2014IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Para\u00edba\u2014UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denilson Nogueira de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento\u2014IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Para\u00edba\u2014UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alberto-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory, Natural and Humanities Science Center (CCNH), Federal University of ABC\u2014UFABC, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricilia Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento\u2014IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Para\u00edba\u2014UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12539","article-title":"Global trends in the distribution of Candida species causing candidemia","volume":"20","author":"Guinea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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