{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:50:14Z","timestamp":1782204614395,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Pithecellobium dulce root has long been recognized for its antidiabetic potential; however, its specific bioactive constituents and mechanisms of action remain poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts and isolated molecules from P. dulce root bark. Methods: The DCM\/MeOH crude extract of P. dulce root bark was fractionated with n-hexane (PDEH) and ethyl acetate (PDAE), followed by chromatographic purification and spectroscopic characterization, yielding seventeen compounds (1\u201317). The antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and antidiabetic potential of PDEH, PDAE, and 1\u201317 were assessed in vitro using yeast-derived enzymes and in silico (targeting human \u03b1-glucosidase [PDB: 2QLY] and human \u03b1-amylase [PDB: 4GQR]). The in vitro \u03b1-glucosidase experiments used saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme, which varies from the human target. Therefore, these results should be taken as preliminary screening data that needs confirmation with human enzymes. Results: Compound 1 was identified as new, while 2 was isolated for the first time from a natural source. The cell-free chemical tests DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP measured antioxidant capability. These tests quantify radical-scavenging and electron-transfer capabilities in vitro and are preliminary chemical screening methods. They do not directly represent biological antioxidant activity in cells or organisms. PDEH demonstrated strong radical scavenging against DPPH (IC50 = 15.30 \u03bcg\/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 12.80 \u03bcg\/mL), while pristriol (16) showed ferric reducing power (EC50 = 4200 \u03bcM FeSO4\/g). Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated activity against \u03b1-amylase (IC50 53.88\u2013112.24 \u00b5g\/mL; acarbose IC50 = 91.20 \u00b5g\/mL) and \u03b1-glucosidase (IC50 18.38\u2013136.88 \u00b5g\/mL; acarbose IC50 = 11.31 \u00b5g\/mL). Compounds 15, 1, and 2 showed superior activity compared to acarbose for \u03b1-amylase, with effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s d) of 2.15, 0.94, and 0.82, respectively, and IC50 values of 53.88, 88.15, and 92.62 \u00b5g\/mL; for \u03b1-glucosidase, IC50 values were 18.38, 39.25, and 36.40 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Docking studies supported these findings, revealing binding energies of \u22129.08, \u22128.34, and \u22127.22 kcal\/mol for compounds 1, 2, and 15 with \u03b1-amylase, and \u221210.35 and \u22129.79 kcal\/mol for compounds 1 and 2 with \u03b1-glucosidase. ADME profiling further identified 1 and 2 as promising lead candidates for dual-enzyme inhibition. Conclusions: P. dulce root bark represents a potent source of bioactive molecules with both antioxidant and dual-enzyme-inhibitory properties. These findings validate its traditional use and highlight its potential in the development of multitarget therapies for T2DM management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:19:52Z","timestamp":1782202792000},"page":"2166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential of a New Bisglyceride Derivative Together with Other Compounds from the Root Bark of Pithecellobium dulce: In Vitro and In Silico Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gertrude Nembot","family":"Messah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peron Bosco","family":"Leutcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mu\u011fla S\u0131tk\u0131 Ko\u00e7man University, K\u00f6tekli 48121, Mu\u011fla, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle Ange","family":"Amang \u00e0 Ngnoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy Roussel Takuissu","family":"Nguemto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolism, Center of Research in Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8083-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"Brice Junior Edie","family":"Enang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaound\u00e9 1, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 812, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamadou","family":"Mamoudou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, and Therapeutic Innovations, Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department Basic Science Education, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 46, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soh","family":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda P.O. Box 39, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2140-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Feudjou","family":"Fouatio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alembert Tiabou","family":"Tchinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bienvenu","family":"Tsakem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7289-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madan","family":"Poka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Hulisani","family":"Demana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-4535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mu\u011fla S\u0131tk\u0131 Ko\u00e7man University, K\u00f6tekli 48121, Mu\u011fla, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty-Kazakhstan 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier Siwe","family":"Noundou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7081-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves Oscar","family":"Nganso Ditchou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025, IDF."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.105826","article-title":"Structural characterization and hypoglycaemic effects on type 2 diabetic mice of spirulina platensis polysaccharides and se-modified polysaccharides","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11929","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02429","article-title":"Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharide Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Repairing Intestinal Barrier via the LPS\/TLR4\/TRIF\/NF-kB Axis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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