{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:31:27Z","timestamp":1785407487626,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCTI-CNPq","award":["406238\/2022\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406238\/2022\u20137"]}]},{"name":"MCTI-CNPq","award":["PROEP 447621\/2024-6-CNPq"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROEP 447621\/2024-6-CNPq"]}]},{"name":"MCTI-CNPq","award":["315237\/2023-6 CNPq"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315237\/2023-6 CNPq"]}]},{"award":["406238\/2022\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406238\/2022\u20137"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050zdnc69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PROEP 447621\/2024-6-CNPq"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROEP 447621\/2024-6-CNPq"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050zdnc69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["315237\/2023-6 CNPq"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315237\/2023-6 CNPq"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050zdnc69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01.02.016301.04295\/2025-93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.04295\/2025-93"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026d6ma13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["01.02.016301.04295\/2025-93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.04295\/2025-93"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026d6ma13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019301","name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02263ky35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mounting acaricide resistance in Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), among the most damaging phytophagous mites in tropical and subtropical crops, has intensified the search for botanical alternatives. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO-NE) was developed and evaluated for lethal and sublethal effects on adult females of T. mexicanus. TVEO, composed mainly of thymol (45%) and p-cymene (37%), was formulated by low-energy emulsification yielding stable dispersions (~200 nm; PDI &lt; 0.25; zeta potential of \u221222.2 mV). At 30.0 mg a.i.\/mL, TVEO-NE caused 68.3% corrected mortality at 72 h and suppressed fecundity by ~44\u201352%; vehicle controls exerted only moderate effects, identifying the essential oil as the primary bioactive driver. Morphological examination revealed collapse of female idiosomata and disruption of excretory pellet architecture, corroborating the bioassay data. Molecular docking against a cathepsin L homology model revealed that thymol and p-cymene interact exclusively via hydrophobic contacts and display substantially lower ChemPLP fitness scores than the reference cysteine protease inhibitor E64, indicating weak predicted binding affinity and arguing against enzyme inhibition as the primary mechanism. Taken together, bioassay, morphological, and docking are consistent with supporting membrane partitioning as a plausible primary mode of action, positioning TVEO-based nanoemulsions as promising botanical tools for T. mexicanus management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31122167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:19:52Z","timestamp":1782202792000},"page":"2167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monoterpene-Rich Nanoemulsion from Thymus vulgaris as a Promising Acaricidal Strategy Against Tetranychus\u00a0mexicanus: Effects on Survival and Fecundity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Geraldo J. N.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara 69103-128, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul V. C.","family":"Apolin\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Plantas Medicinais e Derivados, Farmanguinhos, ITC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiane M. S.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara 69103-128, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson D.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Plantas Medicinais e Derivados, Farmanguinhos, ITC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Neto","given":"Walter S. M.","family":"F.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cromatografia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Mpalantinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Plantas Medicinais e Derivados, Farmanguinhos, ITC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson R. A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Cromatografia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Claudia F.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Plantas Medicinais e Derivados, Farmanguinhos, ITC, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-018-0297-0","article-title":"Webbing life type and behavioral response of the date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus, to webbing residues on leaves and fruits of date palm","volume":"76","author":"Mirza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. 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