{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:06:05Z","timestamp":1785434765403,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and the National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund","award":["218634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218634"]}]},{"award":["218634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218634"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) is a traditionally consumed botanical rich in the bioactive alkaloids mitragynine (MG) and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7OH-MG). This study evaluated the influence of botanical variation, plant part, geographical origin, and extraction technique on alkaloid composition and extraction yield. A validated HPLC\u2013DAD method was applied to quantify MG and 7OH-MG in leaf and shoot extracts. Ethanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were used for samples from northern and southern Thailand. Significant compositional differences were observed. Green-veined leaves contained higher MG levels than red-veined leaves. Northern samples showed higher extraction yields and MG contents, whereas southern samples exhibited relatively higher 7OH-MG levels. Differences between UAE and MAE were minimal. Notably, 7OH-MG was detected only in leaves, while shoots contained higher MG concentrations despite lower yields. These findings highlight substantial phytochemical variability relevant to quality standardization of kratom-derived products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"2241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Botanical Variation, Plant Part, and Extraction Technique on Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Extracts Quantified by a Validated HPLC\u2013DAD Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2254-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wantanwa","family":"Krongrawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Intellectual Center \u201cPrachote Plengwittaya\u201d, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juthaporn","family":"Ponphaiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jariya","family":"Koedruen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chonlakan","family":"Samran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siriraj Academic Center of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sontaya","family":"Limmatvapirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7378-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chutima","family":"Limmatvapirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00151-x","article-title":"Kratom\u2014Pharmacology, clinical implications, and outlook: A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Eastlack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2024.2305798","article-title":"An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: Uses, abuse potential and future considerations","volume":"17","author":"McCurdy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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