{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:58:37Z","timestamp":1782971917268,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011875","name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["112721-313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112721-313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grape marc (Vitis labrusca), a major by-product of the winemaking industry, is generated in large quantities and represents a promising source of bioactive compounds. This residue is particularly rich in phenolic metabolites associated with antioxidant activity. In this study, supercritical CO2 extraction was investigated as a sustainable strategy for the recovery of bioactive compounds from Vitis labrusca grape marc. A 24\u22121 fractional factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of temperature (30\u201360 \u00b0C), pressure (137.9\u2013275.8 bar), ethanol concentration (0\u201310 wt%), and particle size (116\u2013601 \u00b5m) on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (AC). Extraction performance was strongly influenced by operating conditions, revealing a clear trade-off between recovery and selectivity. The highest extraction yield (8.3 wt%) was obtained using 10 wt% ethanol as co-solvent, whereas the highest antioxidant capacity (365.3 \u00b5mol TE\/g extract) was achieved under neat CO2 conditions. TPC values reached approximately 69 mg GAE\/g extract and were significantly affected by the combined effects of temperature, particle size, and ethanol concentration. The results revealed two distinct extraction regimes: a high-recovery regime promoted by ethanol addition and a high-selectivity regime under neat CO2 conditions. Representative extracts were further characterized by UHPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS. Ethanol-modified extraction was associated with higher relative abundance and diversity of flavonoids, stilbenes, and phenolic acids, whereas neat CO2 extraction favored lipophilic metabolites such as oxylipins and unsaturated fatty acids. Selected operating conditions were successfully reproduced at pilot scale, supporting the scalability of the process. Overall, the results demonstrate that supercritical CO2 extraction can be tailored to recover bioactive compounds from grape marc as extracts with distinct chemical profiles and provide a viable strategy for the valorization of Vitis labrusca winemaking residues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1782722720000},"page":"2272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Vitis labrusca Grape Marc: Effects of Operating Conditions and Pilot-Scale Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Camilo","family":"Pardo-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Didacontrol S.A.S., Calle 32 No. 1-22, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3968-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Quintero-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Didacontrol S.A.S., Calle 32 No. 1-22, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Fernando","family":"Vallejo-Revelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Didacontrol S.A.S., Calle 32 No. 1-22, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OIV (2025). 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