{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:29Z","timestamp":1787029109961,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AP Vojvodina Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["003862016 2025 09418 003 000 000 001 04 004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["003862016 2025 09418 003 000 000 001 04 004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of the \u201ccannabidiol (CBD) Hazard Triangle\u201d reflects the unique position of CBD at the intersection of three overlapping dimensions: CBD as a substance associated with medicinal and pharmacological effects (\u201cDrug\u201d); CBD as a food ingredient subject to the EU Novel Food regulatory framework (\u201cNovel Food\u201d); and CBD as a potential source of food safety concerns (\u201cHazard\u201d). This study investigates the growing presence of CBD-containing food products, their associated regulatory challenges, safety concerns, and market dynamics through an analysis of notifications reported in the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), complemented by evidence from the scientific literature and authoritative regulatory sources. During the eight years (2018\u20132025), more than 400 CBD-related notifications were reported, predominantly involving food supplements (66.7%) and confectionery products, particularly gummies (12.6%). Significant discrepancies between the labelled and actual CBD content were frequently identified, along with unauthorized health claims implying therapeutic benefits. CBD-containing products were also found to contain other cannabinoids, most notably tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which was reported in 26.7% of CBD-related hazard notifications. In several cases, THC concentrations exceeded legally permitted limits. Furthermore, these products are often marketed in forms that may promote casual or unintentional consumption, including by children. Overall, the widespread availability of CBD-containing food products raises important safety and regulatory concerns, particularly for vulnerable population groups. The CBD food market remains highly heterogeneous, characterized by inconsistent labelling practices, strong consumer demand, and increasing regulatory pressure. These findings underscore the need for clearer regulatory frameworks, improved market surveillance, and harmonized standards. Further research is essential to address unresolved issues related to product safety, quality, and market integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"2287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cannabidiol in Food and Food Supplements: Drug, Novel Food and Hazard Triangle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljilja","family":"Torovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Urumovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Kobiljski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislava","family":"Sr\u0111enovi\u0107 \u010coni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70021","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70021","article-title":"Cannabis-infused foods: Phytonutrients, health, and safe product innovations","volume":"23","author":"Fordjour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07472","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabis edibles: A review","volume":"69","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hourfane, S., Mechqoq, H., Bekkali, A.Y., Rocha, J.M., and El Aouad, N. (2023). A Comprehensive Review on Cannabis sativa Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Molecular Docking and Biological Activities. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061245"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934578X251334244","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X251334244","article-title":"Cannabis sativa; Ethnobotanicals, Classifications, Pharmacology, and Phytochemistry","volume":"20","author":"Avoseh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"22313354261436144","article-title":"Cannabis sativa Linn.: A Medicinal Plant with Promising Muscle Relaxant-related Constituents","volume":"16","author":"Matuka","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2026, June 12). Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. Sorting Cannabis Names. Available online: https:\/\/plantnames.unimelb.edu.au\/Sorting\/Cannabis.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijeli\u0107, K., Srdjenovi\u0107 \u010coni\u0107, B., Prpa, B., Pilija, V., Vukmirovi\u0107, S., and Kladar, N. (2024). The Potential of Hemp Extracts to Modify the Course of Oxidative-Stress Related Conditions. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13121630"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.036","article-title":"Wonder or evil?: Multifaceted health hazards and health benefits of Cannabis sativa and its phytochemicals","volume":"28","author":"Datta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, M., van Eeden, T., and Beswa, D. (2022). Cannabis sativa cannabinoids as functional ingredients in snack foods\u2014Historical and developmental aspects. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233330"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110375","article-title":"CBD products: Labeling accuracy of an obscure niche market","volume":"160","author":"Melchert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015\/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods. Off. J., L 327, 1\u201322."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2026, March 06). Novel Food Status Catalogue. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/food-feed-portal\/screen\/novel-food-catalogue\/search."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Bohn, T., Castenmiller, J., De Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H.J., and Naska, A. (2022). Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: Data gaps and uncertainties. EFSA J., 20, 7322.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7322"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2002). Regulation (EC) No 178\/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Off. J., L 31, 1\u201324."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"United Nations (1961). United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2026, March 06). Commission Implementing Decision of 9 February 2026 Terminating the Procedure for Authorising the Placing on the Market of Cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa L. (NF\/2022\/11411) as Novel Food Without Updating the Union List of Novel Foods (C(2026) 683 final). Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/food-safety\/novel-food\/decisions-terminating-procedure_en."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparatory work for the update of the statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food","volume":"EN-9635","author":"Malih","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Bohn, T., C\u00e1mara, M., Castenmiller, J., De Henauw, S., Jos, A., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., and McNulty, B. (2026). Update of the statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food. EFSA J., 24, 9862.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2026.9862"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128898","article-title":"A survey of \u03949-THC and relevant cannabinoids in products from the Italian market: A study by LC\u2013MS\/MS of food, beverages and feed","volume":"346","author":"Pisciottano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110754","article-title":"An assessment of the potency related to Cannabis-based products in the South African market","volume":"322","author":"Viviers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2026, March 19). Health Europa. CBD Legality in Europe: Where Is CBD Legal, and What Are the Restrictions?. Available online: https:\/\/www.healtheuropa.com\/cbd-legality-in-europe-where-is-cbd-legal-and-what-are-the-restrictions\/123928\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives2010005","article-title":"Does cannabidiol (CBD) in food supplements pose a serious health risk? Consequences of the EFSA clock stop regarding novel food authorisation","volume":"2","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoactives"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conerney, C., Steinmetz, F., Wakefield, J., and Loveridge, S. (2024). Cannabis and children: Risk mitigation strategies for edibles. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1285784"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2026, March 06). Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/food-safety\/rasff_en."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.035","article-title":"Innovative and emerging applications of cannabis in food and beverage products: From an illicit drug to a potential ingredient for health promotion","volume":"115","author":"Rasera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104526","article-title":"A content analysis of cannabis edibles package marketing in the United States","volume":"130","author":"Reboussin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103645","article-title":"Cannabis edibles packaging: Communicative objects in a growing market","volume":"103","author":"Ventresca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vvag004","DOI":"10.1093\/ijfood\/vvag004","article-title":"Less than labelled, but more than safe: Quantification of cannabidiol content in food supplements and hemp seed oils using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method","volume":"61","author":"Bajtel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dr\u00e4ger, H., Barthlott, I., Golombek, P., Walch, S.G., and Lachenmeier, D.W. (2022). Time Trends of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a 2008\u20132021 German National Survey of Hemp Food Products. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030486"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2026.104136","article-title":"Declared vs determined: Analysis of cannabinoids in commercially available products on the Maltese market","volume":"72","author":"Szyrner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, B., Oliveira, P., Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Reis, J., Ramos, S., Duarte, A.P., Margalho, C., Rosado, T., Barroso, M., and Gallardo, M. (2024). Characterisation of Cannabis-Based Products Marketed for Medical and Non-Medical Use Purchased in Portugal. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122737"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vida, R.G., Strauss, L.V., Bajtel, A., Kiss, T., Csupor, D., and Fittler, A. (2023). Safety and risks of CBD oils purchased online: Unveiling uncertain quality and vague health claims. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1273540"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108514","article-title":"Analysis of cannabidiol (CBD) and THC in nonprescription consumer products: Implications for patients and practitioners","volume":"127","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109522","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) product contamination: Quantitative analysis of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) concentrations found in commercially available CBD products","volume":"237","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114344","article-title":"CBD oils on the Belgian market: A validated MRM GC-MS\/MS method for routine quality control using QuEChERS sample clean up","volume":"205","author":"Duchateau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitamura, M., Kiba, Y., Suzuki, R., Tomida, N., Uwaya, A., Isami, F., and Deng, S. (2020). Cannabidiol Content and In Vitro Biological Activities of Commercial Cannabidiol Oils and Hemp Seed Oils. Medicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7090057"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126469","article-title":"Development, validation and application of a LC-MS\/MS method for quantification of 15 cannabinoids in food","volume":"318","author":"Christinat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2026.112836","article-title":"Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Hemp Seeds and Hemp Seed Oil Products in T\u00fcrkiye by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"381","author":"Kacargil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.108337","article-title":"Quality and safety assessment of hemp-based food products: Insights into seeds, flours, and oils","volume":"148","author":"Maly","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2024.2319270","article-title":"Quantification of sixteen cannabinoids in hemp seed edible oils and the influence of thermal processing on cannabinoid contents and profiles","volume":"41","author":"Lindekamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2023.52.5.492","article-title":"UPLC-MS Assessment of THC and CBD Levels of Hemp Seeds, Hemp Seed Oil, and Hemp-Based Processed Foods Distributed in South Korea","volume":"52","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108233","article-title":"European hemp-based food products\u2013Health concerning cannabinoids exposure assessment","volume":"129","author":"Kladar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110064","article-title":"Concentrations of THC, CBD, and CBN in commercial hemp seeds and hempseed oil sold in Korea","volume":"306","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104915","article-title":"Evaluation of different extraction procedures for the quantification of seven cannabinoids in cannabis-based edibles by the use of LC-MS","volume":"115","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engeli, B.E., Lachenmeier, D.W., Diel, P., Guth, S., Villar Fernandez, M.A., Roth, A., Lampen, A., Cartus, A.T., W\u00e4tjen, W., and Hengstler, J.G. (2025). Cannabidiol in foods and food supplements: Evaluation of health risks and health claims. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030489"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S384996","article-title":"CBD retailers in NC promote CBD online to treat pain violating FDA rules about medical claims and offer low-CBD\/high-price products","volume":"15","author":"Amann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenone, M.A., Snyder, J., and Crooks, V. (2021). Selling cannabidiol products in Canada: A framing analysis of advertising claims by online retailers. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11282-x"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soleymanpour, M., Saderholm, S., and Kavuluru, R. (2021, January 9\u201312). Therapeutic claims in cannabidiol (CBD) marketing messages on Twitter. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM52615.2021.9669404"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Arcella, D., Cascio, C., and Mackay, K. (2020). Acute human exposure assessment to tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC). EFSA J., 18, 5953. Available online: https:\/\/efsa.onlineli.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.5953"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.109822","article-title":"Hemp-based tea\u2014Impact of preparation technique on major cannabinoids content and consumers\u2019 exposure and health risk","volume":"152","author":"Prpa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweikle, S., Golombek, P., Sproll, C., Walch, S.G., and Lachenmeier, D.W. (2022). The Challenge of Risk Assessment of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cannabidiol (CBD) Oils and Food Supplements: An Approach for Deriving Maximum Limits. Challenges, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/challe13020032"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0020","article-title":"Cannabinoid Exposure and Subjective Effects of THC and CBD in Edible Cannabis Products","volume":"9","author":"Gibson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2023). Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006. Off. J., L 119, 103\u2013157."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03790-5","article-title":"Impact of CBD and hemp oil use on drug test results: A systematic review","volume":"140","author":"Ovat","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Trzaskoma, P., Dziopa, A., Moeini, A., Soczawa, M., Krasi\u0144ski, Z., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2025). Innovative Strategies to Enhance the Bioavailability of Cannabidiol: Nanotechnology and Advanced Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111637"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assadpour, E., Rezaei, A., Das, S.S., Krishna Rao, B.V., Singh, S.K., Kharazmi, M.S., Jha, N.K., Jha, S.K., Prieto, M.A., and Jafari, S.M. (2023). Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers and Their Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040487"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), More, S., Bampidis, V., Benford, D., Bragard, C., Halldorsson, T., Hernandez-Jerez, A., Hougaard Bennekou, S., Koutsoumanis, K., and Lambre, C. (2021). Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: Human and animal health. EFSA J., 19, 6768, 111 pp.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6768"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Schoonjans, R., and Tarazona, J. (2021). Annual report of the EFSA Scientific Network of Risk Assessment of Nanotechnologies in Food and Feed for 2020. EFSA Support. Publ., 18, EN-6502.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6502"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitdumrongthum, S., and Trachootham, D. (2023). An individuality of response to cannabinoids: Challenges in safety and efficacy of cannabis products. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062791"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1729201","article-title":"CBD (cannabidiol) product attitudes, knowledge, and use among young adults","volume":"55","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.02.009","article-title":"Cannabis-infused food and Canadian consumers\u2019 willingness to consider \u201crecreational\u201d cannabis as a food ingredient","volume":"74","author":"Charlebois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"100809","article-title":"\u2018Hemp and Marijuana are both pots?\u2019 Young consumer awareness and perception of hemp food in India","volume":"14","author":"Goel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40827","article-title":"Study on knowledge and perceptions on the uptake of non-medicinal cannabis-substances and preparations by Portuguese consumers: Borderline issues","volume":"10","author":"Elias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19931.5","article-title":"Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?","volume":"8","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation (2026, March 11). Microsoft Excel, Available online: https:\/\/www.microsoft.com."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Contributors (2026, March 11). \u201cOpenStreetMap Database,\u201d OpenStreetMap Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"GeoNames (2026, March 11). \u201cGeoNames Geographical Database,\u201d 2026. Available online: https:\/\/www.geonames.org."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/13\/2287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:07:48Z","timestamp":1782875268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/13\/2287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31132287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31132287","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}