{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:44:54Z","timestamp":1782927894050,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates citrus peel powder (CP) as an environmentally friendly admixture to regulate plant-derived urease (with soybean powder (SP) as the urease source) and to promote bio-mediated CaCO3 mineralization, thereby improving the mechanical and freeze\u2013thaw (FT) resistance properties of cement-based materials. When CP is combined with urea and soybean urease, it exhibits a regulatory effect on urease activity. For the CPUD (CP-encapsulated urea combined with soy powder)-modified material with SP dosage in cement content of 0.2 wt%, the CP\u2013urea modification treatment can effectively improve their mechanical properties and FT durability. The flexural and compressive strengths at 28 days are increased by 10.53% and 11.19%, respectively, compared to the blank group. After freeze\u2013thaw cycles, the strengths are still 27.08% and 26.67% higher than those of the blank group, and their respective strength loss rates are 7.58% and \u22125.77% (negative indicating a net strength increase), compared with 21.31% and 9.48% for the blank group. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal that CP\u2013urea promotes the formation and effective packing of calcium carbonate. Mechanistically, CP establishes a stable hydrogen-bonding network with both urea and urease, exerting a dual regulatory effect: it enhances the electrophilicity of urea while also creating a physical mass transfer barrier to precisely control biomineralization. Notably, CP can be directly used without pretreatment, offering a sustainable strategy for citrus peel waste valorization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:50:33Z","timestamp":1782924633000},"page":"2308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilization of Citrus Peel Waste for Regulating Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation in Cement-Based Materials: Mechanical Performance and Freeze\u2013Thaw Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yanzhi","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixiang","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123558","article-title":"The past and future of sustainable concrete: A critical review and new strategies on cement-based materials","volume":"281","author":"Kurda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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