{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:50:30Z","timestamp":1782989430778,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron deficiency and associated anemia remain major public health concerns, requiring innovative food fortification systems with adequate technological and sensory performance. This study aimed to develop a multicomponent fortified gummy candy using heme iron from Cavia porcellus erythrocytes, non-heme iron from Feranin\u00ae, and elderberry juice, integrated through microencapsulation and stabilized by vacuum foam drying. Erythrocytes were isolated, dehydrated, and microencapsulated in a tara gum\u2013maltodextrin matrix, yielding a powder with 1.49 mg Fe\/g dry matter. The microencapsulates exhibited compact morphology, lower polydispersity, and negative \u03b6 potential, indicating suitable surface stability. Three gummy formulations (F1\u2013F3) were prepared with different proportions of encapsulated erythrocytes, non-heme iron, and elderberry juice. Iron content increased significantly from 0.21 to 0.89 mg Fe\/g of gummy candy. The formulations showed variations in water activity (0.84\u20130.88), moisture (33.79\u201340.22%), pH (4.64\u20136.15), soluble solids (41.00\u201346.67 \u00b0Brix), phenolic compounds (0.80\u20131.14 mg GAE\/g), flavonoids (0.13\u20130.27 mg QE\/g), and antioxidant capacity (1.53\u20133.75 \u00b5mol TE\/g). FTIR and SEM confirmed structural preservation and matrix integration. Sensory evaluation showed comparable overall acceptability among formulations, with F3 showing higher mean ranks for flavor and texture. Overall, vacuum foam drying was a feasible strategy for valorizing animal-derived by-products in fortified gelled confectionery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1782986684000},"page":"2322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valorization of Animal-Derived By-Products Through Microencapsulation of Heme and Non-Heme Iron by Vacuum Foam Drying: Development of Functional Gummy Candies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7519-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Ligarda-Samanez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Villano-Limache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Choque-Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elibet","family":"Moscoso Moscoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Palomino Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredy","family":"Taipe Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Ar\u00e9valo-Quijano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Education and Humanities, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante Ferm\u00edn","family":"Calder\u00f3n Huaman\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3965-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson M\u2019coy","family":"Romero Plasencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Crist\u00f3bal de Huamanga, Ayacucho 05000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Cervantes Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de los Andes, Abancay 03001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynaldo","family":"Sucari-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Engineering and Management Faculty, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Huanta, Ayacucho 05000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Apaza-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Academic Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Isabel Dayan","family":"Ortega-R\u00e9volo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru"},{"name":"Faculty of Management Sciences, Universidad Continental, Huancayo 12000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, R.F. 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