{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1785405580804,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52472098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52472098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472098"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) possesses potent bioactivities but its applications in functional cosmetics is severely limited by its poor water solubility and chemical instability. To overcome these challenges, this study engineered a recombinant levansucrase from Vibrio natriegens to catalyze the transfructosylation of EGCG. The conversion rate of EGCG to fructoside reached 65.59%. The purified product was unequivocally identified as EGCG-1F, with a fructosyl group linked to the 3\u2032-hydroxyl group. Compared to pristine EGCG, EGCG-1F exhibited remarkably enhanced water solubility (96.6-fold that of EGCG) and aqueous stability under acidic and thermal conditions. Biological evaluation revealed that EGCG-1F significantly enhanced HaCaT cell migration, upregulated the expression of basement membrane-associated collagens in ultraviolet B-damaged HaCaT cells, and modulated ultraviolet A-induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts by type I collagen, type III collagen and matrix metalloproteinase-1 balance. This study demonstrates that enzymatic fructosylation is an effective approach to generate a stable and safe EGCG derivative with potential applications in skin barrier repair and anti-aging functional cosmetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:43:14Z","timestamp":1783345394000},"page":"2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enzymatic Fructosylation of EGCG Significantly Enhances Its Stability for Skin Barrier Repair and Anti-Aging Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingna","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nianqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Huashi Cosmetics Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ming","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Huashi Cosmetics Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Huashi Cosmetics Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.12.027","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate and mitochondria\u2014A story of life and death","volume":"104","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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