{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:19:00Z","timestamp":1783412340963,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT012053-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT012053-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transcriptional regulation of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) by promoter\/enhancer elements and transcription factors is an area of cannabinoid research that has historically been understudied. To map the promoter region of the human CNR1 gene (the gene encoding CB1R), a 997-base-pair fragment from the sequence upstream of the CNR1 gene was cloned into a secreted luciferase reporter vector, and a series of deletion fragments were constructed. The transcriptional activity of these constructs was tested in human cell lines from three tissues: neuronal tissue (SHSY5Y), kidney tissue (HEK293T), and colonic epithelium (HCT116). Through this mapping, we have identified two key regulatory regions within the promoter. Increased levels of cAMP suppressed reporter expression from the full-length promoter fragment in all three cell lines, and in silico modeling predicts potential cAMP response elements (CRE) within one of the key regulatory sequences. Additionally, the minimal promoter region for CNR1 also appears to be in the second regulatory region identified, and in silico modeling predicts BRE and INR elements within this sequence. These findings begin to unravel the mechanisms by which CNR1 is transcriptionally regulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:04:49Z","timestamp":1783411489000},"page":"2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptional Mapping of the Human Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CNR1) Gene Promoter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alonso","family":"Cortez-Resendiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cannabis and Natural Product Pharmaceutics (CCNPP), Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani S.","family":"Godbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cannabis and Natural Product Pharmaceutics (CCNPP), Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurgul","family":"Carkaci-Salli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent E.","family":"Vrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cannabis and Natural Product Pharmaceutics (CCNPP), Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9413-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley M.","family":"Raup-Konsavage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cannabis and Natural Product Pharmaceutics (CCNPP), Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001560","article-title":"Human cannabinoid receptor 1: 5\u2032 exons, candidate regulatory regions, polymorphisms, haplotypes and association with polysubstance abuse","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. 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