{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:21:35Z","timestamp":1783527695162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the search for natural compounds with skin-relevant biological activity, the leaves from three species of the Geraniaceae family (Geranium phaeum, Geranium sanguineum, and Geranium macrorrhizum) were investigated. The study combined phytochemical characterisation with a broad evaluation of biological activity. The bioactivity of the tested extracts was assessed using antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC), metal-chelating tests, and inhibition assays of hyaluronidase, elastase, and tyrosinase. In addition, antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp., while cytocompatibility was assessed using HaCaT keratinocytes and HFF-1 fibroblasts. To support the interpretation of the observed biological effects, qualitative phytochemical profiling of the extracts was performed by LC\u2013MS; selected compounds were quantified by HPLC; and total polyphenol and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined. Overall, the extracts exhibited notable antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibitory activities, while maintaining good cytocompatibility at lower concentrations. Among the tested species, G. sanguineum and G. macrorrhizum showed the most pronounced overall activity, likely associated with their high polyphenol content. These results indicate that selected Geraniaceae species represent promising sources of bioactive compounds with combined antioxidant, antimicrobial, and skin-compatible properties, supporting their further investigation in skin-relevant in vitro and formulation-oriented studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:40:09Z","timestamp":1783525209000},"page":"2406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical Characterisation and Skin-Relevant In Vitro Biological Activity of Leaf Extracts from Selected Geranium Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4299-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017ckiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Str., 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Paluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 T. Cha\u0142ubinskiego Str., 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3154-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Widelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Stefanowicz-Hajduk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 107 Al. Gen. J. Hallera Str., 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1371-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Kochan-Jamrozy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 107 Al. Gen. J. Hallera Str., 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Bortkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 T. Cha\u0142ubinskiego Str., 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof Kamil","family":"Wojtanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gucwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 107 Al. Gen. J. Hallera Str., 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Str., 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Str., 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M. (2023). Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015444"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhan, M. (2024). The Promising Role of Polyphenols in Skin Disorders. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040865"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010ci\u017em\u00e1rov\u00e1, B., Hubkov\u00e1, B., Tome\u010dkov\u00e1, V., and Birkov\u00e1, A. (2023). Flavonoids as Promising Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076324"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattosinhos, P.d.S., Sarandy, M.M., Novaes, R.D., Esposito, D., and Gon\u00e7alves, R.V. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Skin Regenerative Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants of the Brassicaceae Family: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Evidence (Biological Activities Brassicaceae Skin Diseases). Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071346"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00751.x","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity, Lipid Peroxidation and Skin Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Briganti","year":"2003","journal-title":"What\u2019s New. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittayapruek, P., Meephansan, J., Prapapan, O., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2016). Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060868"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzia\u0142o, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J., and Kulma, A. (2016). The Potential of Plant Phenolics in Prevention and Therapy of Skin Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020160"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170049","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.49","article-title":"A Distribution and Taxonomic Reference Dataset of Geranium in the New World","volume":"4","author":"Aedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2025, April 20). Geraniaceae Juss. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001521-2\/general-information."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2025, April 20). Plants of the World Online. Geranium phaeum L.. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:373470-1."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2025, April 20). Plants of the World Online. Geranium sanguineum L.. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:322494-2."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2025, April 20). Plants of the World Online. Geranium macrorrhizum L.. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:373281-1."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"142","article-title":"Obtaining of Geranium sanguineum Phytoextracts and Study of Their Anti-Microbial Properties","volume":"12","author":"Benzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abarova, S., Alexova, R., Dragomanova, S., Solak, A., Fagone, P., Mangano, K., Petralia, M.C., Nicoletti, F., Kalfin, R., and Tancheva, L. (2024). Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Geranium sanguineum L. in Viral Infections, Including SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010130"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-020-01649-9","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Geranium macrorrhizum in Relation to Ploidy Level and Environmental Conditions","volume":"306","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"6283","article-title":"Polyphenol Rich Extracts of Geranium L. Species as Potential Natural Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"25","author":"Drobac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1609","article-title":"Exploitation of the Antioxidant Potential of Geranium macrorrhizum (Geraniaceae): Hepatoprotective and Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Methanol Extracts of Geranium Macrorrhizum and Chemical Composition of Its Essential Oil","volume":"5","author":"Sharopov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Act. Plants"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejenaru, C., Segneanu, A.-E., Bi\u0163\u0103, A., Bejenaru, L.E., Hovane\u0163, M.-V., Cioc\u00eelteu, M.V., T\u00eern\u0103, A.C., Blendea, A., and Mogo\u015fanu, G.D. (2025). Polyphenols Investigation and In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Romanian Wild-Grown Geranium Spp. (Geraniaceae). Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.1054.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.32571\/ijct.1688824","article-title":"A Review on the Phytochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity, and Medicinal Potential of the Geranium Genus","volume":"9","author":"Bas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03814","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202503814","article-title":"Phenolic Profiles and Cytotoxic Activities of Methanolic Extracts From Eight Geranium L. Species","volume":"23","author":"Jakimov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2006-7-807","article-title":"Biologically Active Constituents of a Polyphenol Extract from Geranium sanguineum L. with Anti-Influenza Activity","volume":"61","author":"Pantev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.020","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenol Extracts with Antiviral Properties from Geranium sanguineum L.","volume":"76","author":"Sokmen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabotinova, D., Boycheva, P., Ivanova, N., Andonova, V., Georgiev, V., and Zhelev, I. (2026). Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium radula and Geranium macrorrhizum Cultivated in Bulgaria Using GC-MS and HPLC. Pharmaceuticals, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030346"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camarda, L., Budriesi, R., Corazza, I., Frosini, M., Marzetti, C., and Mattioli, L.B. (2026). Antioxidant and Health-Related Effects of Tannins: From Agri-Food By-Products to Human and Animal Health. Antioxidants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010104"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosme, F., Aires, A., Pinto, T., Oliveira, I., Vilela, A., and Gon\u00e7alves, B. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Tannins in Foods and Beverages: Functional Properties, Health Benefits, and Sensory Qualities. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040800"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.32779\/gf.6.2-3.2","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds in Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech. f. and G. macrorrhizum L. (Geraniaceae) Growing in Croatia","volume":"6","author":"Kremer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glas. Futur."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1080\/10826070500295211","article-title":"Determination of Phenolic Compounds from Geranium sanguineum by HPLC","volume":"28","author":"Leucuta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and Tissue Injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00760.x","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Chapple","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15129252","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review","volume":"15","author":"Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"123","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity in Some Geraniacean Species","volume":"34","author":"Nikolova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bot. Serbica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulcin, \u0130., and Alwasel, S.H. (2022). Metal Ions, Metal Chelators and Metal Chelating Assay as Antioxidant Method. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10010132"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2011.02.003","article-title":"In Vitro Analysis of Iron Chelating Activity of Flavonoids","volume":"105","author":"Bovicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18296","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118296","article-title":"A Novel HPLC-Assisted Method for Investigation of the Fe2+-Chelating Activity of Flavonoids and Plant Extracts","volume":"19","author":"Olennikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.782492","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Tunisian Geranium robertianum L. (Geraniaceae)","volume":"27","author":"Ouchikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arn\u00f8, A., Sarmiento, V., Elveb\u00f8, O., and Araujo, P. (2025). Critical Evaluation and Validation of a High-Throughput Microplate-Based Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Method for the Analysis of Fish Feed Ingredients. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060728"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.01.047","article-title":"Measurement of Antioxidant Activity","volume":"18","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x","article-title":"Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Updating a Personal View","volume":"70","author":"Halliwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114068","article-title":"Dietary Gallic Acid as an Antioxidant: A Review of Its Food Industry Applications, Health Benefits, Bioavailability, Nano-Delivery Systems, and Drug Interactions","volume":"180","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.-S., Park, H.-R., and Lee, K.-A. (2021). A Comparative Study of Rutin and Rutin Glycoside: Antioxidant Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Effect, Effect on Platelet Aggregation and Blood Coagulation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111696"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Pan, X., Jiang, L., Chu, Y., Gao, S., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Luo, S., and Peng, C. (2022). The Biological Activity Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Applications in Food Industry: A Review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.943911"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaul, A., Short, W.D., Wang, X., and Keswani, S.G. (2021). Hyaluronidases in Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063204"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sklirou, A.D., Angelopoulou, M.T., Argyropoulou, A., Chaita, E., Boka, V.I., Cheimonidi, C., Niforou, K., Mavrogonatou, E., Pratsinis, H., and Kalpoutzakis, E. (2021). Phytochemical Study and In Vitro Screening Focusing on the Anti-Aging Features of Various Plants of the Greek Flora. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081206"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2494.1999.181638.x","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of 150 Plant Extracts on Elastase Activity, and Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.R., Ansary, T.M., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2021). Diversified Stimuli-Induced Inflammatory Pathways Cause Skin Pigmentation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083970"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Fan, M., and Gao, W. (2021). Identification of Potential Hub Genes Associated with Skin Wound Healing Based on Time Course Bioinformatic Analyses. BMC Surg., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01298-w"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides3040048","article-title":"Skin Health Promoting Effects of Natural Polysaccharides and Their Potential Application in the Cosmetic Industry","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polysaccharides"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2021.100431","article-title":"Exploration of Anti-Tyrosinase Effect of Geranium glaberrimum Boiss. & Heldr. with in Silico Approach and Survey of 21 Geranium Species","volume":"27","author":"Orhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29078","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04884A","article-title":"Antimicrobial Potentials of Natural Products against Multidrug Resistance Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Elmaidomy","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pane, Y.S. (2024). Effectiveness of Traditional Herbal Extracts Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Review. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.03.621775"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2025.52888","article-title":"Plant-Derived Extracts and Conventional Drugs: A New Frontier in Antimicrobial Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Mustafa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Herbmed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J.-Y., Jung, I.-G., Yum, S.-H., and Hwang, Y.-J. (2023). In Vitro Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Plant Extract Combinations on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101491"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2024.103940","article-title":"The Geranium Genus: A Comprehensive Study on Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Compounds, and Pharmacological Importance","volume":"31","author":"Alshehri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghai, I. (2023). A Barrier to Entry: Examining the Bacterial Outer Membrane and Antibiotic Resistance. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074238"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae083","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae083","article-title":"Understanding the Pathophysiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization as a Guide for Future Treatment for Chronic Leg Ulcers","volume":"13","author":"Matheus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamberla, I., Pupiales, C., Chiliquinga, A.J., Sulca-Villamar\u00edn, T., Plasencia, A., Cabrera Aulestia, F., D\u00edaz, R.F., Caicedo, A., and Barba, P.M. (2025). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pathogenicity and Its Interaction with Other Microorganisms During the Skin Wound Healing Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199677"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlaf134","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf134","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"7","author":"Boutzoukas","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10276","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170910276","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Geranium Oil against Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"17","author":"Bigos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Peng, C., Chi, F., Yu, C., Yang, Q., and Li, Z. (2022). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Chlorogenic Acid Against Yersinia enterocolitica. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.885092"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miklasi\u0144ska-Majdanik, M., K\u0119pa, M., W\u0105sik, T.J., Zapletal-Pude\u0142ko, K., Klim, M., and Wojtyczka, R.D. (2023). The Direction of the Antibacterial Effect of Rutin Hydrate and Amikacin. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091469"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.L.A., and Bhattacharya, D. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Quercetin: An Approach to Its Mechanistic Principle. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082494"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9580","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2067121","article-title":"Kaempferol: A Flavonoid with Wider Biological Activities and Its Applications","volume":"63","author":"Bangar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"461","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Geraniin from Sugar Maple Leaves: An Ultrastructural Study with the Phytopathogen Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Vitians","volume":"103","author":"Blais","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol. Int. J. Ital. Phytopathol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu078","article-title":"Investigating the Antifungal Activity and Mechanism(s) of Geraniol against Candida albicans Strains","volume":"53","author":"Leite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaf742","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf742","article-title":"Genomic Insights of Candida krusei, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen With Intrinsic Antifungal Resistance","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-025-04579-7","article-title":"Investigating in Vitro Antifungal Mechanisms of Geraniol against Candida albicans","volume":"208","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, P.G.S., Lee, K.M., Abuna, G.F., Costa, E.M.M.B., and Murata, R.M. (2024). Monoterpene Antifungal Activities: Evaluating Geraniol, Citronellal, and Linalool on Candida Biofilm, Host Inflammatory Responses, and Structure\u2013Activity Relationships. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1394053"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Fatima, Z., Ahmad, K., and Hameed, S. (2018). Fungicidal Action of Geraniol against Candida Albicans Is Potentiated by Abrogated CaCdr1p Drug Efflux and Fluconazole Synergism. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203079"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Anti-Candidal Activity of Pelargonium Graveolens Essential Oils against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"22","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal, M., Shaha, S., and Katsikogianni, M. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Cytotoxicity Assays, from Traditional to Modern Approaches. Cytotoxicity\u2014A Crucial Toxicity Test for In Vitro Experiments, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1006842"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO775","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2021-0109","article-title":"Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activity of Geraniaceae Plant Extracts Against Five Tumor Cell Lines","volume":"8","author":"Sergazy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Futur. Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.08.020","article-title":"Ellagitannins from Phyllanthus Muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell.: Geraniin and Furosin Stimulate Cellular Activity, Differentiation and Collagen Synthesis of Human Skin Keratinocytes and Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"18","author":"Agyare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.04.010","article-title":"Geraniin Exerts Cytoprotective Effect against Cellular Oxidative Stress by Upregulation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Enzyme Expression via PI3K\/AKT and ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"1850","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Galanty, A., Go\u015bciniak, A., Wieczorek, M., K\u0142aput, M., Dudek-Makuch, M., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2021). Herbal Infusions as a Valuable Functional Food. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114051"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Go\u015bciniak, A., Szymanowska, D., Szwajgier, D., Baranowska-W\u00f3jcik, E., Szulc, P., Dreczka, D., Simon, M., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2021). Blackberry Leaves as New Functional Food? Screening Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Microbiological Activities in Correlation with Phytochemical Analysis. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121945"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Bulicz, M., Henkel, M., Rosiak, N., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Szwajgier, D., Baranowska-W\u00f3jcik, E., Korybalska, K., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Pleiotropic Potential of Evernia prunastri Extracts and Their Main Compounds Evernic Acid and Atranorin: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29010233"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanaj-Kaczmarek, J., Osma\u0142ek, T., Szyma\u0144ska, E., Winnicka, K., Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., Dyba, M., Bekalarska-D\u0119bek, M., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2021). Development and Evaluation of Thermosensitive Hydrogels with Binary Mixture of Scutellariae baicalensis radix Extract and Chitosan for Periodontal Diseases Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111319"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1485","article-title":"Action of Phenolic Derivatives (Acetaminophen, Salicylate, and 5-Aminosalicylate) as Inhibitors of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and as Peroxyl Radical Scavengers","volume":"315","author":"Dinis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.091","article-title":"High-Throughput Assay Comparison and Standardization for Metal Chelating Capacity Screening: A Proposal and Application","volume":"214","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-007-0777-0","article-title":"Mechanism of Antioxidant Capacity Assays and the CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) Assay","volume":"160","author":"Apak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Dudek-Makuch, M., Chanaj-Kaczmarek, J., Czepulis, N., Korybalska, K., Rutkowski, R., \u0141uczak, J., Grabowska, K., Bylka, W., and Witowski, J. (2018). Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092133"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Majchrzak-Celi\u0144ska, A., Ba\u0144durska, M., Rosiak, N., Szwajgier, D., Baranowska-W\u00f3jcik, E., Szyma\u0144ski, M., Gruszka, W., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2022). Is Caperatic Acid the Only Compound Responsible for Activity of Lichen Platismatia glauca within the Nervous System?. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102069"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(74)90134-3","article-title":"The Synthesis and Analytical Use of a Highly Sensitive and Convenient Substrate of Elastase","volume":"11","author":"Bieth","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.093","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Four Macaranga Species","volume":"114","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:42:22Z","timestamp":1783525342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31142406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31142406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}}}