{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:30Z","timestamp":1785417510380,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd."},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05crb7x25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although low-permeability oil reservoirs boast abundant resources, oil recovery remains relatively low due to the limitations of current water flooding development technology in oilfields. To address the current challenges of low-permeability oil reservoirs, nano-SiO2 particle aqueous solutions, instead of conventional water injection, have been applied to these reservoirs, which can achieve promising results. Nevertheless, due to the simple surface structure of nano-SiO2 particles, the unsaturated hydroxyl groups on their surfaces tend to undergo electrostatic attraction with cations in formation water, leading to particle aggregation and flocculation, ultimately compromising their stability. Therefore, studying the interaction between nano-SiO2 particles and cations in saline solutions is of great significance for providing guidance on the application of nano-SiO2 particles in low-permeability oilfields. In light of this, this paper employs molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical methods to investigate the processes of interactions between nano-SiO2 particles and cations from a microscopic perspective. The results indicate that the interaction zone between monovalent cations and nanoparticles lies approximately 0.2 nm to 0.3 nm away from the particle surface. In comparison, the interaction zone between divalent cations and nanoparticles extends roughly from 0.3 nm to 0.4 nm from the particle surface. The range and depth of influence of divalent cations are more pronounced. No covalent or ionic bonds are formed between monovalent cations and nanoparticles. However, divalent cations can form ionic bonds with nanoparticles, thereby altering their structural configuration. Among these interactions, electrostatic forces represent the dominant interaction force responsible for changing the configuration of nano-SiO2 particles, whereas van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding forces are merely weak interactions. Moreover, as the valence state of the cation increases from monovalent to divalent, the cation forms new ionic bonds with the nano-SiO2 particles, significantly modifying their structural configuration and further undermining their stability. The findings of this study can improve our understanding of the existing state of nano-SiO2 particles in formation water, which can help to improve the application effect of nano-SiO2 particles in low-permeability oil fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1784016271000},"page":"2457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Process of Intermolecular Forces and Electrostatic Force Between Cations and Nano-SiO2 Based on Molecular Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Houjun","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No. 11 Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Qingyang 745000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feixiang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.139443","article-title":"Study on surface charge regulation of nano-SiO2 and its oil displacement characteristics in low permeability reservoirs","volume":"734","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. 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