{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1785408636443,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024AFB476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025AFD186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025AFD243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012554","name":"Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientific Innovation Team of Colleges and Universities of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2024030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2024030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012554","name":"Hubei Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B2022221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["B2022221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022221"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05yaa9j15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Construction Fund of Hanjiang Normal University","award":["XJ2022S01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2022S01"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine","award":["WDCM2024026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDCM2024026"]}]},{"name":"National College Students\u2019 innovation and entrepreneurship training program of Hanjiang Normal University","award":["202610518015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202610518015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proanthocyanidins, a new class of potent antioxidants, are recognized for their strong in vivo activity and occur in high abundance in Lycium ruthenicum. Although the extraction of these compounds from this plant has been extensively investigated, their inherent instability imposes stringent demands on the extraction process. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have emerged as attractive alternatives for isolating bioactive constituents from plant materials thanks to their favorable biocompatibility, high extraction efficiency, and environmentally benign nature. Therefore, we have developed an efficient and green NADES-assisted ultrasonic extraction method for recovering proanthocyanidins from Lycium ruthenicum. Among the fourteen NADES formulations screened, the choline chloride\u2013glycerol system (1:5 molar ratio, 30% v\/v water) afforded the highest extraction yield. Single-factor experiments, combined with response surface methodology, led to the optimal conditions: solid-to-liquid ratio 1:15 g\/mL, ultrasonic power 240 W, temperature 40 \u00b0C, and time 30 min. Under these conditions, the proanthocyanidin yield reached 12.19%, markedly outperforming that obtained with conventional methanol extraction. Kinetic analysis indicated that the extraction process conformed to the Logistic model, with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.967 across the entire temperature range studied (20\u201350 \u00b0C). In vitro antioxidant assays further revealed that the extract exhibited significant concentration-dependent scavenging activities against \u2022OH, DPPH\u2022, and ABTS+\u2022 radicals. The IC50 values of proanthocyanidin extracts for \u2022OH, DPPH\u2022, and ABTS+\u2022 were 0.029 mg\/mL, 0.56 \u03bcg\/mL, and 0.011 mg\/mL, respectively. Overall, these results establish a sustainable NADES-based protocol for the extraction of proanthocyanidins from Lycium ruthenicum, and underscore their promise as natural antioxidants for functional food and pharmaceutical uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1784163907000},"page":"2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasonic-Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Lycium ruthenicum: Optimization, Kinetics, and Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Eco-Environmental Protection, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area\u2019s Aquatic Eco-Environment and Health, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Eco-Environmental Protection, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area\u2019s Aquatic Eco-Environment and Health, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Eco-Environmental Protection, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area\u2019s Aquatic Eco-Environment and Health, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Eco-Environmental Protection, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area\u2019s Aquatic Eco-Environment and Health, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Eco-Environmental Protection, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Danjiangkou Reservoir Area\u2019s Aquatic Eco-Environment and Health, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junkai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4997-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izni Atikah Abd","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Green Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111430","article-title":"Strategies used by two goji species, Lycium ruthenicum and Lycium barbarum, to defend against salt stress","volume":"306","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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