{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:25:14Z","timestamp":1790389514068,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d Timisoara"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pjx9m11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) is recognised as a valuable source of nutritionally important lipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Despite growing interest in hempseed oil, the combined influence of extraction and derivatisation on fatty acid profiling remains poorly understood, limiting comparability and standardisation of lipidomic analyses, particularly for fibre-type hemp cultivars. This study evaluated the effects of microwave-assisted and Soxhlet extraction, combined with acidic and basic derivatisation, on fatty acid composition, lipid quality indices, and oxidative stability in Romanian fibre-type hempseed cultivars. The analysed oils were dominated by linoleic and \u03b1-linolenic acids, with favourable PUFA\/SFA and \u03c9-6\/\u03c9-3 ratios, low atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, and high hypocholesterolaemic\/hypercholesterolaemic ratios, indicating excellent nutritional quality. Statistical analyses confirmed that extraction and derivatisation significantly influenced fatty acid composition and lipid quality indices, while principal component analysis identified extraction methodology as the main source of variability. Oxidative stability showed moderate correlations with fatty acid composition, suggesting that differences in lipid profiles may influence susceptibility to oxidation. Overall, the study demonstrates that Romanian fibre-type hemp cultivars are valuable sources of nutritionally favourable lipids and emphasises the need for standardised extraction and derivatisation protocols to improve the reliability and comparability of hempseed lipidomic analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1784184576000},"page":"2480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Method-Dependent Variability in Hempseed Lipidomics: Combined Influence of Extraction, Derivatisation, and Genotype on Fatty Acid Composition and Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Floares (Oarga)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Obistioiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7197-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Hulea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Berbecea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-9163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora","family":"Radulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2019.10.003","article-title":"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Strategies for Fatty Acid Analysis in Biological Samples","volume":"28","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., and Liu, H. (2020). Nutritional Indices for Assessing Fatty Acids: A Mini-Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165695"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mititelu, M., Lupuliasa, D., Neac\u0219u, S.M., Olteanu, G., Busnatu, \u0218.S., Mihai, A., Popovici, V., M\u0103ru, N., Boroghin\u0103, S.C., and Mihai, S. (2024). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Health: A Key to Modern Nutritional Balance in Association with Polyphenolic Compounds from Food Sources. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010046"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000456723","article-title":"Systematic Review on N-3 and N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake in European Countries in Light of the Current Recommendations\u2014Focus on Specific Population Groups","volume":"70","author":"Sioen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9556-2","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Nutraceutical Properties of Hempseed: An Ancient Food with Actual Functional Value","volume":"17","author":"Crescente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omachi, D.O., Aryee, A.N.A., and Onuh, J.O. (2024). Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152453"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000385","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000385","article-title":"The Importance of a Balanced \u03c9-6 to \u03c9-3 Ratio in the Prevention and Management of Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.11.001","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents from Cinnamon, Hemp Seed and Polygonum Cuspidatum Protect against H2O2 but Not Rotenone Toxicity in a Cellular Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Maiolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuricic, I., and Calder, P.C. (2021). Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072421"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The Importance of the Ratio of Omega-6\/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalili Tilami, S., and Kou\u0159imsk\u00e1, L. (2022). Assessment of the Nutritional Quality of Plant Lipids Using Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indices. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183795"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2021.1954552","article-title":"A High-Throughput Method for Profiling Fatty Acids in Plant Seeds Based on One-Step Acid-Catalyzed Methylation Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostashari, P., and Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2024). Sesame Seeds: A Nutrient-Rich Superfood. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081153"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero, L., Ballesteros-Vivas, D., Gonzalez-Barrios, A.F., and S\u00e1nchez-Camargo, A.D.P. (2023). Hemp Seeds: Nutritional Value, Associated Bioactivities and the Potential Food Applications in the Colombian Context. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1039180"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, G., Storz, M.A., and Calapai, G. (2023). The Role of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12183505"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso, E., Armone, R., Costale, A., Meineri, G., and Chiofalo, B. (2024). Hemp Seed (Cannabis sativa L.) Varieties: Lipids Profile and Antioxidant Capacity for Monogastric Nutrition. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182699"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arango, S., Koji\u0107, J., Perovi\u0107, L., \u0110ermanovi\u0107, B., Stojanov, N., Sikora, V., Tomi\u010di\u0107, Z., Raffrenato, E., and Bailoni, L. (2024). Chemical Characterization of 29 Industrial Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) Varieties. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13020210"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104962","article-title":"Fatty Acids and Minor Functional Compounds of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds and Other Cannabaceae Species","volume":"115","author":"Fabrikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7381308","DOI":"10.1155\/ijfo\/7381308","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Hemp Seed Oil: Process Optimization for Enhancing Oil Yield and Bioactive Compound Extractability","volume":"2025","author":"Allay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.02.041","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds from By-Products of Rice Cultivation and Rice Processing: Extraction and Application in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries","volume":"86","author":"Peanparkdee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, C., Mbuyane, L.L., Bauer, F.F., Mokwena, L., Divol, B., and Buica, A. (2021). A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Fatty Acids and Sterols in Yeast and Grape Juice. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115152"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sampre.2022.100039","article-title":"A High Throughput Method for Fatty Acid Profiling Using Simultaneous Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Derivatization Followed by Reversed Fill\/Flush Flow Modulation Comprehensive Multidimensional Gas Chromatography","volume":"4","author":"Fina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sample Prep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03890-8","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Hempseed Oil: Studying and Comparing of Fatty Acid Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Physiochemical and Thermal Properties with Soxhlet Extraction","volume":"56","author":"Rezvankhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"86","article-title":"Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil and Evaluation of Its Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115551","article-title":"Thermal Treatment Improves the Physical Stability of Hemp Seed Oleosomes during Storage","volume":"189","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siano, F., Moccia, S., Picariello, G., Russo, G.L., Sorrentino, G., Di Stasio, M., La Cara, F., and Volpe, M.G. (2018). Comparative Study of Chemical, Biochemical Characteristic and ATR-FTIR Analysis of Seeds, Oil and Flour of the Edible Fedora Cultivar Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010083"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102636b","article-title":"Evaluating the Quality of Protein from Hemp Seed (Cannabis sativa L.) Products Through the Use of the Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score Method","volume":"58","author":"House","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2014.11.004","article-title":"Seed Composition of Ten Industrial Hemp Cultivars Approved for Production in Canada","volume":"39","author":"Vonapartis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8814724","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8814724","article-title":"The Effect of Processing of Hempseed on Protein Recovery and Emulsification Properties","volume":"2021","author":"Pihlanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal Poggetto, G., Di Maro, M., Gargiulo, L., Duraccio, D., Santagata, G., and Gomez d\u2019Ayala, G. (2025). Sustainable Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Hemp Seed Oil as Functional Additive into Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) Films for Food Packaging. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17101376"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., and Merendino, N. (2020). The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071935"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mygdalia, A., Panoras, I., Vazanelli, E., and Tsaliki, E. (2025). Nutritional and Industrial Insights into Hemp Seed Oil: A Value-Added Product of Cannabis sativa L.. Seeds, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/seeds4010005"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzo, L., Pacifico, S., Piccolella, S., Castaldo, L., Narv\u00e1ez, A., Grosso, M., and Ritieni, A. (2020). Chemical Analysis of Minor Bioactive Components and Cannabidiolic Acid in Commercial Hemp Seed Oil. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163710"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irakli, M., Tsaliki, E., Kalivas, A., Kleisiaris, F., Sarrou, E., and Cook, C.M. (2019). Effect \u03bff Genotype and Growing Year on the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100491"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FB00424A","article-title":"Extraction Technologies for Hemp Seed Oil: A Comparative Study of Yield, Bioactive Compound Extractability, and Oxidative Stability","volume":"4","author":"Allay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118396","article-title":"Microwave Pretreatment of Hemp Seeds Changes the Flavor and Quality of Hemp Seed Oil","volume":"213","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906407","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/906407","article-title":"Comparison of Two Derivatization Methods for the Analysis of Fatty Acids and Trans Fatty Acids in Bakery Products Using Gas Chromatography","volume":"2014","author":"Salimon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sampre.2024.100124","article-title":"Comprehensive Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profile in Different Food Matrices Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Derivatization Methods and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled with Flame Ionization Detection","volume":"11","author":"Ferrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sample Prep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40206","article-title":"Fat Extraction Methodology Can Affect the Food Fatty Acid Profile: Improvement of a Protocol More Environmentally Friendly","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.103296","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Hemp Seeds: A Multivariate Perspective on the Influence of Processing Parameters on Oil Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition","volume":"32","author":"Vishwasrao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u0103nase Apetroaei, V., Pricop, E.M., Istrati, D.I., and Vizireanu, C. (2024). Hemp Seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Valuable Source of Natural Ingredients for Functional Foods\u2014A Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092097"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u00e7ar, \u00d6.F., Kose, T., and Kaya Ka\u00e7ar, H. (2025). Dietary Hempseed and Cardiovascular Health: Nutritional Composition, Mechanisms and Comparison with Other Seeds. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1669375"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paszczyk, B., and To\u0144ska, E. (2025). Influence of Plant Additives on Changes in the Composition of Fatty Acids, Lipid Quality Indices and Minerals of Fermented Dairy Products from Cow\u2019s Milk. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020235"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3431","article-title":"Impact of Various Extraction Methods on Fatty Acid Profile, Physicochemical Properties, and Nutritional Quality Index of Pangus Fish Oil","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.11.034","article-title":"Microwave Pretreatment as a Promising Strategy for Increment of Nutraceutical Content and Extraction Yield of Oil from Milk Thistle Seed","volume":"128","author":"Zahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MO00196E","article-title":"The State of the Art in Plant Lipidomics","volume":"17","author":"Kehelpannala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Omics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, R.K., Prasad, P., Shang, X., and Keum, Y.-S. (2021). Advances in Lipid Extraction Methods\u2014A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413643"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2007.10.009","article-title":"Improved Extraction of Vegetable Oils under High-Intensity Ultrasound and\/or Microwaves","volume":"15","author":"Cravotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.11.063","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidant Compounds from Peanut Skins","volume":"120","author":"Ballard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and Factors for Edible Oil Oxidation","volume":"5","author":"Choe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.02.006","article-title":"Effect of Pretreatment with Microwaves on Oxidative Stability and Nutraceuticals Content of Oil from Rapeseed","volume":"121","author":"Hesari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-004-4811-6","article-title":"Hempseed as a Nutritional Resource: An Overview","volume":"140","author":"Callaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2013.01.004","article-title":"Physicochemical and Quality Characteristics of Cold-Pressed Hemp, Flax and Canola Seed Oils","volume":"30","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaheldeen, M., Mariod, A.A., Aroua, M.K., Rahman, S.M.A., Soudagar, M.E.M., and Fattah, I.M.R. (2021). Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11091121"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-021-10333-w","article-title":"Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: A Critical Review","volume":"15","author":"Mandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32027-4","article-title":"Recent Advances in Transesterification for Sustainable Biodiesel Production, Challenges, and Prospects: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"31","author":"Farouk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2024.100671","article-title":"Nutraceutical Potential, Phytochemistry of Hemp Seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and Its Application in Food and Feed: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Kamle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.09.015","article-title":"Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidation Stability of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide","volume":"36","author":"Decorti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M079012","article-title":"Harmonizing Lipidomics: NIST Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise for Lipidomics Using SRM 1950\u2013Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma","volume":"58","author":"Bowden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnov, D., Mazin, P., Osetrova, M., Stekolshchikova, E., and Khrameeva, E. (2021). The Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Untargeted Lipidomics Analysis: Practical Guidelines. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110713"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8964","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07343","article-title":"Comprehensive and High-Coverage Lipidomic Analysis of Oilseeds Based on Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"69","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.04.028","article-title":"Optimization of Hempseed Oil Extraction by N-Hexane","volume":"48","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.016","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil","volume":"76","author":"Jarni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00245-X","article-title":"Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil","volume":"76","author":"Oomah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floares, D., Obistioiu, D., Hulea, A., Suleiman, M.A., Popescu, I., Berbecea, A., Samfira, I., and Radulov, I. (2025). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. (Elderflower) Oil: A Molecular Docking and Biochemical Study. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15020310"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2007.00107.x","article-title":"The Content and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Cold-Pressed Plant Oils","volume":"15","author":"Siger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.105112","article-title":"Quality Indexes and Composition of 13 Commercial Hemp Seed Oils","volume":"117","author":"Tura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Latimer, G.W. (2019). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.06.012","article-title":"Fast Derivatization of Fatty Acids in Different Meat Samples for Gas Chromatography Analysis","volume":"1456","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:50:03Z","timestamp":1784184603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31142480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31142480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}