{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:17:04Z","timestamp":1785428224379,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51774049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51774049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51774049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51774049"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the problems of low permeability, strong heterogeneity, high salinity, poor injectivity of the target reservoir, and the inability of traditional water flooding to effectively improve the oil recovery rate, a low interfacial tension and salt-resistant nano-scale particle-stabilized foam flooding system (LITF-NSF) was developed to improve the recovery rate of low-permeability oil reservoirs. Through core dynamic plugging and injectivity experiments, single\/dual-tube core displacement experiments, and static imbibition oil displacement experiments, the injectivity, plugging effect, imbibition effect, oil displacement mechanism, and optimal injection parameters of the LITF-NSF foam flooding system were studied from three aspects: injection pressure, slug volume, and gas\u2013liquid ratio. The LITF-NSF foam flooding system has good injectivity in the target reservoir, with a resistance coefficient ranging from 1.086 to 15.468; the optimal injection parameters are a constant pressure difference of 5 MPa, a gas\u2013liquid slug volume of 0.3 PV, and a gas\u2013liquid ratio of 2:1. Under these optimal injection parameters, the subsequent water flooding recovery rate can be increased by 29.77%; it can produce a good plugging effect on the high-permeability reservoirs of the target reservoir with a permeability difference of less than 50, and can increase the comprehensive recovery rate of heterogeneous oil reservoirs by more than 10%; the static imbibition recovery rate is 4.38% higher than that of pure water without surfactant, and has a certain permeability-enhancing oil displacement effect. The LITF-NSF foam flooding system has good adaptability to the target reservoir environment and stable foam performance, which can effectively improve the subsequent water flooding recovery rate and has a good application prospect in chemical flooding for improving the recovery rate of low-permeability oil reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:55:59Z","timestamp":1784249759000},"page":"2488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Enhancement of Recovery Rates in Heterogeneous Dense Reservoirs Using Foam Drives Stabilized by Low-Surface-Tension Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanfa","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zequn","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Enhanced permeability characteristics of nano-bubble\u2013silica composite nanofluids in tight oil reservoirs","volume":"43","author":"Qu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Oilfield Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"690","article-title":"Technology for Enhancing Recovery Rates in Low-Permeability Reservoirs Using Low-Surface-Tension Small-Molecule Oil Displacers","volume":"40","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oilfield Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Study on the Construction of a Viscosity-Enhancing System and Oil Recovery Performance in Heterogeneous Ultra-Low-Permeability Reservoirs Using CO2 Flooding","volume":"53","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. 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Liq."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:56:31Z","timestamp":1784249791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/14\/2488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31142488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31142488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}