{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T03:02:34Z","timestamp":1784516554825,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education Republic of Poland within the program \u201cRegional Excellence Initiative\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RID\/SP\/0032\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0032\/2024\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finding cost-effective and eco-friendly ways to remove toxic heavy metals from wastewater remains a critical challenge for industrial sustainability. This study presents a comparative performance matrix of coal fly ash (CFA) and bone charcoal (BC) for the high-capacity remediation of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. This work establishes a direct cross-matrix comparison between a heterogeneous aluminosilicate phase (CFA) and a uniform calcium-phosphate structure (BC) under identical systemic boundaries. SEM\/EDS, FT-IR, and complementary TG\/DTG\/DTA screenings confirmed that distinct material-specific functional frameworks drive a predominantly physical mechanism governed by electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. Equilibrium data fitted the non-linear Langmuir model well (R2 &gt; 0.99 at 20 \u00b0C). BC proved to be significantly more effective, achieving maximum sorption capacities (qmax of 397.55 mg\/g for Pb(II) and 325.09 mg\/g for Cd(II), outperforming CFA (118.22 and 105.59 mg\/g, respectively). Sorption capacities decreased with temperature up to 80 \u00b0C, confirming the exothermic nature of the process, which was further substantiated by negative enthalpy values (\u2206H0 = \u22127.27 to \u221214.19 kJ\/mol). Thermodynamic parameters indicated a spontaneous process (\u2206G0 &lt; 0, \u22129.55 to \u221219.33 kJ\/mol) with positive entropy changes (\u2206S0 = 5.82 to 39.09 J\/(mol\u00b7K)). Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, with intraparticle diffusion acting as a key rate-limiting step. Regardless of the adsorbent, Pb(II) ions were immobilized faster and more efficiently than Cd(II) due to a smaller hydration radius. In conclusion, both industrial by-products represent promising, sustainable options for heavy metal wastewater treatment, with BC demonstrating superior performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1784514728000},"page":"2515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Waste-to-Resource: Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Coal Fly Ash and Bone Charcoal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"So\u010do","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"And\u017celika","family":"Domo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Purification and Protection, Faculty of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Papciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Purification and Protection, Faculty of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.03.054","article-title":"Possible Applications of Coal Fly Ash in Wastewater Treatment","volume":"240","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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