{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:22:37Z","timestamp":1785410557010,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Student Scientific Groups Create Innovations grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKN\/SP\/602107\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/602107\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma proteins are becoming more and more popular among researchers due to their minimal toxicity and immunogenicity. The largest percentage of plasma proteins is human serum albumin (HSA). HSA is widely used as a drug carrier due to its biocompatibility and specific affinity to cancer cells. 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (DAPT) is a newly synthesized phenothiazine derivative with promising anticancer activity. The main aim of this study was to encapsulate the DAPT into human serum albumin nanoparticles (DAPT-HSA-NPs) as well as to study DAPT interaction with HSA based on spectroscopic, microscopic, and calorimetric techniques. HSA nanoparticles with DAPT (DAPT-HSA-NPs) were prepared using the desolvation method, and this reaction was accompanied by a thermal transition. High encapsulation efficiency of DAPT into the HSA-NPs (DAPT-HSA-NPs) was obtained (~100%) and its release kinetics from the DAPT-HSA-NP system followed the zero-order kinetic model. Both nanoparticle preparation (HSA-NPs) and HSA interaction with DAPT (DAPT-HSA) resulted in changes in the HSA secondary structure. Moreover, the process of DAPT binding to HSA was exothermic (\u0394H [kcal\u00b7mol\u22121] &lt; 0), and DAPT probably formed a static complex with HSA (kq [L\u00b7mol\u22121\u00b7s\u22121] &gt; 1012) with moderate affinity (Ka [L\u00b7mol\u22121] of the order of 104). Despite reports on human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA-NPs) and 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (DAPT), no studies on DAPT encapsulation into HSA-NPs have been published. Therefore, HSA-NPs as a 3,6-diazaphenothiazine delivery system, including preparation methods and interaction analysis, have been evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31142541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1784712039000},"page":"2541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as 3,6-Diazaphenothiazine Delivery System: Preparation and Interaction Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9198-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kulig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Owczarzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Sarkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Pi\u015bla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piordas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Martula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Jele\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Morak-M\u0142odawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zi\u0105bka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Rog\u00f3\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Maci\u0105\u017cek-Jurczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103738","article-title":"Human Serum Albumin Binders: A Piggyback Ride for Long-Acting Therapeutics","volume":"28","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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