{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:02:43Z","timestamp":1784890963742,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To predict the anti-HIV-1 activity of biphenyl-DAPY-based non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), a quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was conducted. Using the heuristic method (HM) for descriptor selection, four predictive models were established: support vector regression (SVR), kernel ridge regression, linear mixed-kernel SVR, and Linear Residual Network (LRNet). Rigorous validations, including leave-one-out cross-validation, fivefold cross-validation, and Y-randomization tests, confirmed their reliability. The LRNet model exhibited the best performance, achieving an average training set R2 of 0.8838\u00b10.0090 and an average test set R2 of 0.9026\u00b10.0187 over 50 random train\u2013test splits, with Q5\u2212fold2 and QLOO2 being 0.8533 and 0.8541, respectively. To further verify the robustness and generalizability of LRNet, independent validation was performed using an external dataset, where LRNet also achieved better generalization performance. The HM and LRNet models were employed to guide the design of novel compounds. Their favorable binding modes with the 1RT2 protein and pharmacokinetic properties were verified via molecular docking and in silico ADMET profiling, respectively. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the robust dynamic stability, structural compactness, and thermodynamic convergence of the designed candidate within the 1RT2 binding pocket. This study provides a useful computational framework for the rational design and activity prediction of biphenyl-DAPY-based NNRTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:05:42Z","timestamp":1784819142000},"page":"2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linear Residual Network Modeling for Anti-HIV-1 Activity Prediction and Docking-Validated Design of Biphenyl-DAPY-Based NNRTIs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8813-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huazhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Statistics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4711-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Statistics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1039\/cs9952400279","article-title":"QSPR: The correlation and quantitative prediction of chemical and physical properties from structure","volume":"24","author":"Katritzky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. 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