{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:02:43Z","timestamp":1784890963745,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["ZDYF2023SHFZ110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2023SHFZ110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perovskite nanomaterials possess superior optoelectronic characteristics, flexible structural tunability, simple synthesis routes and low manufacturing costs, making them outstanding candidates for solar energy conversion. Nevertheless, their practical commercialization is greatly restricted by intrinsic drawbacks such as poor environmental stability, difficulties in large-area fabrication and potential environmental risks. As an efficient and feasible strategy to overcome these bottlenecks, the template method utilizes the spatial confinement and interfacial induction effects of templates to precisely modulate the nucleation, growth, morphology and crystalline quality of perovskite nanomaterials. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in template-regulated synthesis of perovskite nanomaterials for solar energy applications. It comprehensively elaborates the regulatory mechanisms and representative research progress of inorganic, organic and composite templates in perovskite preparation, focusing on their unique effects on optimizing the crystalline quality and operational stability of perovskite photovoltaic materials. The current technical limitations and future development directions of template method are also discussed. This review aims to provide a reliable theoretical basis and practical guidance for the rational design, controllable fabrication and performance optimization of high-efficiency and stable perovskite materials for solar energy conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"2586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Progress on Template Methods for Perovskite Nanomaterials in Solar Energy Conversion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jinran","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenrui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0529-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18917","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02525","article-title":"Electronic and Optical Properties of Ultrasmall ABX3 (A = Cs, CH3NH3\/B = Ge, Pb, Sn, Ca, Sr\/X = Cl, Br, I) Perovskite Quantum Dots","volume":"3","author":"Koliogiorgos","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38480","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01202","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis for Low-Cost and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS-1D with an Inexpensive Hole Transport Material, Electron Transport Material, and Back Contact Considering the Toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Uddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2025.100757","article-title":"Photodetection-synaptic transistor based on 2D perovskite ferroelectrics for colour-sensitive camouflage object recognition","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2025.102576","article-title":"Eu3+-doped lead-free Cs2ZnCl4 perovskite for LED applications","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-018-0055-0","article-title":"Efficiency and stability enhancement of perovskite solar cells by introducing CsPbI3 quantum dots as an interface engineering layer","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"npg Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422783","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202422783","article-title":"Carrier Dynamics of Facet-Dependent Heterogeneous Interfaces in High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07819","article-title":"Perovskite Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies in 3D Hollow Templates","volume":"19","author":"Kobiyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901591","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201901591","article-title":"Template-Assisted Formation of High-Quality \u03b1-Phase HC(NH2)2 PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00269-014-0678-9","article-title":"Celebrating 175 years of perovskite research: A tribute to Roger H. Mitchell","volume":"41","author":"Chakhmouradian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Miner."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08546-y","article-title":"Steering perovskite precursor solutions for multijunction photovoltaics","volume":"639","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08432-7","article-title":"Durable all-inorganic perovskite tandem photovoltaics","volume":"637","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"702","article-title":"Formability of ABX3 (X= F, Cl, Br, I) halide perovskites","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c00039","article-title":"What Defines a Halide Perovskite?","volume":"5","author":"Akkerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu5563","article-title":"Graphene-polymer reinforcement of perovskite lattices for durable solar cells","volume":"387","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56409-5","article-title":"Solvent-dripping modulated 3D\/2D heterostructures for high-performance perovskite solar cells","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15896","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c03300","article-title":"Realising the Lowest Bandgap and Exciton Binding Energy in a Two-Dimensional Lead Halide System","volume":"145","author":"Pariari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.116324","article-title":"Structural, electronic and optical characterisation of thin film CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I and Br) compared to first-principles calculations","volume":"157","author":"Najih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12521F","article-title":"Cation substitution tuning phase stability in hybrid perovskite single crystals by strain relaxation","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14552","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c04614","article-title":"Effect of Cation Incorporation on the Structural Distortions and Phase Transitions in Mixed Lead Chloride Perovskite Single Crystals","volume":"128","author":"Junaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.02.062","article-title":"Defect-mediated losses and degradation of perovskite solar cells: Origin, impacts and reliable characterisation techniques","volume":"94","author":"Baishya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, A., Park, J.S., Cao, D.H., Jeon, N., Martinson, A.B., and Chan, M.K. (2018). First-principles Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Point Defects in Lead-Based Hybrid Perovskites. 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2018.8547974"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp1621","article-title":"Enhanced cation interaction in perovskites for efficient tandem solar cells with silicon","volume":"385","author":"Ugur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado6619","article-title":"Cation reactivity inhibits perovskite degradation in efficient and stable solar modules","volume":"386","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads8968","article-title":"Nonalloyed \u03b1-phase formamidinium lead triiodide solar cells through iodine intercalation","volume":"387","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado2351","article-title":"Wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 film integration for stable, efficient perovskite solar cells","volume":"387","author":"Zai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49617-y","article-title":"Inhibiting perovskite decomposition by a creeper-inspired strategy enables efficient and stable perovskite solar cells","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57303-w","article-title":"Scalable preparation of perovskite films with homogeneous structure via immobilising strategy for high-performance solar modules","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49351-5","article-title":"Solvent engineering for scalable fabrication of perovskite\/silicon tandem solar cells in air","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TC00966E","article-title":"Kilogram-scale high-yield production of PbI2 microcrystals for optimised photodetectors","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00010F","article-title":"Lead-free alternatives and toxicity mitigation strategies for sustainable perovskite solar cells: A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Miah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05938-4","article-title":"Lead immobilisation for environmentally sustainable perovskite solar cells","volume":"617","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2025.103169","article-title":"Sustainable high-performance perovskite solar cells via quasi-green solutions with an ultra-limited amount of solid content","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01381-7","article-title":"Efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells with trans-isomeric fulleropyrrolidine additives","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.102133","article-title":"The dominant roles of the seed template in driving controllable growth of perovskite crystal","volume":"54","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300576","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202300576","article-title":"Circularly Polarised Luminescence from Chiral Photonic Crystals of Caesium Lead Halide Perovskites","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10096","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b05901","article-title":"Template Method of Uniform Perovskite Nanowire Arrays","volume":"138","author":"Ashley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57195-w","article-title":"Universal in situ oxide-based ABX3-structured seeds for templating halide perovskite growth in all-perovskite tandems","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405921","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405921","article-title":"Controlled Nucleation and Oriented Crystallisation of Methylammonium-Free Perovskites via In Situ Generated 2D Perovskite Phases","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-024-00696-1","article-title":"Molecular sublimation enables 2D\u20133D transformation of orientational FAPbI3 perovskites","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq6993","article-title":"Two-dimensional perovskite templates for durable, efficient formamidinium perovskite solar cells","volume":"384","author":"Sidhik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507401","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507401","article-title":"Biomimetic Mineralisation Nucleation with Polymer Template Enabled High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells by Anti-Solvent-Free Technology","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14703","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CC05181E","article-title":"Soft optical materials based on the integration of perovskite nanostructures and block copolymers","volume":"60","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62664","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c13822","article-title":"Tuning Perovskite Nanocrystal Synthesis via Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Templates and Solvent Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23087","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c04301","article-title":"Covalent Organic Framework-Incorporated MAPbI3 for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency and Stability","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c01283","article-title":"Impact of Organic Spacers and Dimensionality on Templating of Halide Perovskites","volume":"9","author":"Fransson","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c12723","article-title":"Conjugated Zwitterionic Oligomers as Ligands on Perovskite Nanocrystals: Hybrid Structures with Tunable Interparticle Spacing","volume":"146","author":"Cueto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.3c03207","article-title":"Incorporating Copper(I) Clusters into Lead Halide Perovskite through Mediation of Zwitterionic Linkers","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01390-9","article-title":"Multifunctional MOF@COF Nanoparticles Mediated Perovskite Films Management Toward Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11223","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR00430B","article-title":"Quantum-confined bismuth iodide perovskite nanocrystals in mesoporous matrices","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2022.01.015","article-title":"Self-template-oriented synthesis of lead-free perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 nanosheets for boosting photocatalysis of CO2 reduction over Z-scheme heterojunction Cs3Bi2I9\/CeO2","volume":"69","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702019","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702019","article-title":"Highly reproducible Sn-based hybrid perovskite solar cells with 9% efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9381","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.3c01329","article-title":"Bar Coating Process of Two-Dimensional Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells: Effects of Vertical Orientation, Anisotropic Photoconductivity, and Conversion Time","volume":"6","author":"Shimono","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-68214-1","article-title":"A self-assembled molecule directs ordered \u03b1-FAPbI3 for nip perovskite solar cells","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068337223010024","article-title":"Preparation and Investigation of Vacuum-Deposited CH3NH3PbI3\u2013x Cl x Perovskite Films on Black Silicon","volume":"58","author":"Ayvazyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Phys. Armen. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.09.006","article-title":"Monolithic perovskite\/black-silicon tandems based on tunnel oxide passivated contacts","volume":"6","author":"Ying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2026.102127","article-title":"Modeling and experimental investigation of perovskite\/black silicon\/silicon tandem solar cells","volume":"12","author":"Ayvazyan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20697","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TA02535D","article-title":"Insights into the hybrid evaporation-spin coating method: Process optimization and consequences for wide band gap perovskite solar cells","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/15\/2586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:39:25Z","timestamp":1784889565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/15\/2586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31152586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31152586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}