{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:58:59Z","timestamp":1787313539472,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007924","name":"Open Project of Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023SYKFD08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SYKFD08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010814","name":"Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Department of Education of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022AH051226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH051226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010814","name":"Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Department of Education of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022AH051231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH051231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project of Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application","award":["2024KFKT05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KFKT05"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases","award":["YZJ2026005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZJ2026005"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Province New Era Education Quality Project","award":["2024yjsxxsfkc044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024yjsxxsfkc044"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["S202510368002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510368002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imperatorin (IPT) is a naturally occurring coumarin with recognized antioxidant and anti-aging properties; unfortunately, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability severely limit its practical use. To get around these issues, we formulated IPT-loaded NLCs using grape seed oil and glyceryl monostearate\u2014both food-grade excipients\u2014with the goal of enhancing oral absorption. Optimized IPT@NLCs were prepared by high-pressure homogenization, featuring uniform spherical morphology, an average particle size of 186.63 \u00b1 1.65 nm, a PDI of 0.188 \u00b1 0.008, an encapsulation efficiency of 99.54 \u00b1 0.10%, and a drug loading capacity of 9.08 \u00b1 0.23%. IPT@NLCs remained stable in SGF, while their cumulative in vitro release over 48 h reached 90.56 \u00b1 3.12% in SIF. We established a Caco-2\/HT29-MTX-E12 co-culture monolayer to examine mucus penetration, cellular uptake, and transcellular transport routes. In parallel, oxidative stress experiments using 3T3-L1 cells, along with in vivo pharmacokinetic and gastrointestinal safety evaluations, were conducted to provide complementary evidence. Our results indicate that NLC encapsulation significantly improves both the dissolution and intestinal uptake of IPT, primarily by shifting the absorption mechanism from passive diffusion to energy-dependent active transport. In addition, IPT@NLCs effectively reduce intracellular oxidative damage through modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities. Animal studies further reveal an approximately 9-fold increase in relative oral bioavailability, with no notable irritation to gastrointestinal tissues. Overall, GSO-based NLCs offer safe and efficient oral delivery, enhancing IPT bioavailability and antioxidant activity, providing a strategy for developing natural-product-based formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of Imperatorin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Grape Seed Oil for Boosting Oral Absorption and Antioxidant Capacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Haonan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wannan Medical University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2025.102666","article-title":"Control of insect coffee bean weevils in Angelicae dahuricae Radix storage by ozone treatment and its effect on the quality of Angelicae dahuricae Radix","volume":"113","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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