{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:11:56Z","timestamp":1785420716044,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and remains difficult to treat due to its invasive nature, therapeutic resistance, and the presence of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), which represents a major obstacle to effective drug delivery. This study describes the development of biocompatible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) based on a novel arginine stearate derivative for the encapsulation of idebenone, a synthetic antioxidant with potential biological activity. The objective of this work was to design and characterize a lipid-based nanoparticulate system for idebenone delivery and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and preliminary in vitro biological effects. The nanoparticles were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and in vitro release profiles were investigated under different pH conditions. Antioxidant activity and cell viability assays were also performed in glioblastoma and non-tumorigenic cell lines. The results indicate successful formulation of idebenone-loaded SLNs with good encapsulation efficiency, maintained antioxidant activity, and promising physical stability over time as monitored by size analysis. The rationale behind the development of arginine stearate-based SLNSs is to optimize the performance of pharmaceutical active ingredients, such as idebenone, versus non-tumorigenic cells. Overall, these findings support the potential of the developed SLNs as a promising delivery system for further in vitro and in vivo investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:53:31Z","timestamp":1785333211000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Arginine Stearate-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Idebenone Delivery: In Vitro Evaluation on Glioblastoma Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Stefania","family":"Petralito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1835-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Di Muzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0322-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele Elisabetta","family":"Leonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Trombino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070011","article-title":"Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma","volume":"170","author":"Ohgaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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