{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1785560350359,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ORF-2026-437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-437"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marrubium vulgare L. aerial parts are a rich source of polyphenols with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their therapeutic potential is limited due to poor stability and bioavailability. To enhance its pharmacological efficacy, a liposomal formulation of M. vulgare polyphenolic extract (MV-Lipos) was developed in this study by employing the thin-film hydration method. Before encapsulating, the free-extract (MV-Ext) was analyzed using LC-MS, and the resultant nanoliposomes were tested for physicochemical qualities, biological activity, and safety. MV-Lipos exhibited particle sizes ranging from 127 to 200 nm, an 84% encapsulation efficiency, and high colloidal stability (zeta potential \u221229.58 \u00b1 0.40 mV). In vitro evaluations revealed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities without cytotoxic effects. In vivo, MV-Lipos significantly improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory responses. Specifically, a dose of 100 mg\/kg lowered acetic acid induced writhing by up to 75.9% and carrageenan induced paw edema by 72%, with efficacy comparable to ibuprofen. A 28-day subacute toxicity assessment found no treatment-related adverse effects. Furthermore, molecular docking analyses validated the experimental results by revealing possible interactions with inflammation-related targets. Overall, liposomal encapsulation improved the biological efficacy and safety profile of M. vulgare polyphenols, highlighting their potential as natural agents for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:38:54Z","timestamp":1785411534000},"page":"2660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyphenol-Loaded Liposomal Nanocarriers from Marrubium vulgare: A Promising Nutraceutical Delivery System with Enhanced Bioactivity and Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Youssra","family":"Lefrioui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology Environment Agrofood and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6789-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Sepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)\u2014CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-4991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)\u2014CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1441-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Calarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)\u2014CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wessal","family":"Ouedrhiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algal Biotechnology Centre, University Mohamed 6 Polytechnic (UM6P), BenGuerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Chebaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Fez 30050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Mohammad","family":"Salamatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11 P.O. 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