{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:46:12Z","timestamp":1785739572205,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023GXNSFAA026452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GXNSFAA026452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Program","award":["GUIKE LT2600640019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUIKE LT2600640019"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Universities Young and Middle-aged Teachers\u2019 Basic Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2025KY1896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY1896"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Universities Young and Middle-aged Teachers\u2019 Basic Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2025KY1900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY1900"]}]},{"award":["2025KY1896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY1896"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02c9qn167","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025KY1900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY1900"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02c9qn167","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University-Level Scientific Research Project of Guilin Normal University","award":["KYB202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYB202502"]}]},{"award":["KYB202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYB202502"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xtsag93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, emodin was used as the starting material to synthesize two novel ligands, L1 and L2, containing bipyridine or phenanthroline moieties. Seven metal complexes (1\u20137) were obtained through coordination with Co, Rh, Ru, and Pt ions. Their structures were confirmed via NMR, HRMS, UV\u2013Vis, IR, HPLC and SC-XRD analyses. The MTT assay showed that L1 and complex 2 selectively inhibited HepG-2 cells, with IC50 values of 8.77 \u03bcM and 6.10 \u03bcM, respectively. Both compounds exhibited stronger activity than cisplatin (9.05 \u03bcM) and low toxicity toward normal 293T cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that they induced G2\/M phase arrest by regulating Cyclin B1 and P21 expression, which was accompanied by ROS and Ca2+ accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and activation of the Caspase-9\/3 cascade. Complex 2 showed superior antitumor activity to L1, and this finding was further supported by molecular docking analysis. In sum, Rh(III) complex 2 was identified as a selective and mechanistically defined anti-hepatocellular carcinoma lead compound, providing a potential strategy for the development of natural product-based metal anticancer agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:17:40Z","timestamp":1785737860000},"page":"2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis and Antitumor Mechanism of Emodin-Derived Transition Metal Complexes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yumin","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guilin Normal University, Guilin 541199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guilin Normal University, Guilin 541199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biqun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guilin Normal University, Guilin 541199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoteng","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guilin Normal University, Guilin 541199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals and Continuous Utilization of Resources, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guilin Normal University, Guilin 541199, China"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"438","article-title":"Breast Cancer Statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"DeSantis","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x","article-title":"The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change","volume":"83","author":"Omran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2002.7.5","article-title":"The Cancer Transition in Japan since 1951","volume":"7","author":"Gersten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Demogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2022.01.001","article-title":"UALCAN: An Update to the Integrated Cancer Data Analysis Platform","volume":"25","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.60","article-title":"Cancer Metabolism: A Therapeutic Perspective","volume":"14","author":"Pestell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0273-y","article-title":"Metabolism of Immune Cells in Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stompor-Gor\u0105cy, M. (2021). The Health Benefits of Emodin, a Natural Anthraquinone Derived from Rhubarb\u2014A Summary Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179522"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.70447","article-title":"The Versatile Emodin: A Natural Easily Acquired Anthraquinone Possesses Promising Anticancer Properties against a Variety of Cancers","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112854","article-title":"Emodin\u2014A Natural Anthraquinone Derivative with Diverse Pharmacological Activities","volume":"190","author":"Semwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomed.2012.03.003","article-title":"Anticancer Potential of Emodin","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6532","article-title":"Aloe-emodin: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"34","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.01.008","article-title":"Effects of Emodin and Vitamin C on Growth Performance, Biochemical Parameters and Two HSP70s mRNA Expression of Wuchang Bream (Megalobrama Amblycephala Yih) under High Temperature Stress","volume":"32","author":"Ming","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27921","article-title":"Short- or Long-term High-fat Diet Feeding plus Acute Ethanol Binge Synergistically Induce Acute Liver Injury in Mice: An Important Role for CXCL1","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.11.045","article-title":"Emodin Improves Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice through Regulating SREBP Pathway","volume":"770","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2023.00161","article-title":"Anticancer Action of Naturally Occurring Emodin for the Controlling of Cervical Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Lande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor. Target. Anti-Tumor Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13788","article-title":"Design, Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Study of Novel N-heterocyclic Substituted Aloe-emodin Derivatives","volume":"97","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41403","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06696A","article-title":"CuII Complex of Emodin with Improved Anticancer Activity as Demonstrated by Its Performance on HeLa and Hep G2 Cells","volume":"7","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"937","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Emodin-Mn(II) Metal Complex","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8403-5","article-title":"Aloe-Emodin Inhibits Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms and Extracellular Protein Production at the Initial Adhesion Stage of Biofilm Development","volume":"101","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17468","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8160","article-title":"Emodin via Colonic Irrigation Modulates Gut Microbiota and Reduces Uremic Toxins in Rats with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S247103","article-title":"Emodin Protects Against Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Lung Injury by Inhibiting NLPR3 Inflammasome Activation via Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2023.0163","article-title":"Cisplatin and Procaterol Combination in Gastric Cancer? Targeting Checkpoint Kinase 1 for Cancer Drug Discovery and Repurposing by an Integrated Computational and Experimental Approach","volume":"28","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"OMICS J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.042","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update","volume":"79","author":"Babjuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200075","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Guiding Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16111-0","article-title":"Enhanced Performance of In-Plane Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Monolayers by Configuring Local Atomic Structures","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130279","article-title":"Nanostructured Transition Metal Compounds Coated 3D Porous Core-Shell Carbon Fiber as Monolith Water Splitting Electrocatalysts: A General Strategy","volume":"423","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15247","DOI":"10.1039\/C9DT02381J","article-title":"Two Telomerase-Targeting Pt(II) Complexes of Jatrorrhizine and Berberine Derivatives Induce Apoptosis in Human Bladder Tumor Cells","volume":"48","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111727","article-title":"High in Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Activities of Luminecent Platinum(II) Complexes with Jatrorrhizine Derivatives","volume":"183","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.09.008","article-title":"Novel Tacrine Platinum(II) Complexes Display High Anticancer Activity via Inhibition of Telomerase Activity, Dysfunction of Mitochondria, and Activation of the P53 Signaling Pathway","volume":"158","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2018.10.012","article-title":"3-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-Yl)-Chromen-2-Ylideneamine Platinum(II) and Ruthenium(II) Complexes Exert Their High in Vitro Antitumor Activity by Inducing S-Phase Arrest and Disrupting Mitochondrial Functions in SK-OV-3\/DDP Tumor Cells","volume":"157","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.09.013","article-title":"Novel 5-Carboxy-8-HQ Based Histone Demethylase JMJD2A Inhibitors: Introduction of an Additional Carboxyl Group at the C-2 Position of Quinoline","volume":"105","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81863-2","article-title":"Cyclin\/Cdk-Dependent Initiation of DNA Replication in a Human Cell-Free System","volume":"88","author":"Krude","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.5.2612","article-title":"Human Cyclin E, a Nuclear Protein Essential for the G1-to-S Phase Transition","volume":"15","author":"Ohtsubo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.049","article-title":"The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Effects of TET Proteins during Gastrulation","volume":"185","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2657","article-title":"P21 in Cancer: Intricate Networks and Multiple Activities","volume":"9","author":"Abbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.084","article-title":"Allosteric Regulation of NCLX by Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Links the Metabolic State and Ca2+ Signaling in Mitochondria","volume":"25","author":"Kostic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3017","article-title":"Artesunate Inhibits Lung Cancer Cells via Regulation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Induction of Apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031920-092419","article-title":"Regulation of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake","volume":"83","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113182","article-title":"Synthesis, DNA Binding, Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Two Novel Water-Soluble Copper(II) Complexes Containing Gluconate","volume":"213","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.101","article-title":"The SR\/ER-Mitochondria Calcium Crosstalk Is Regulated by GSK3\u03b2 during Reperfusion Injury","volume":"23","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801180","article-title":"Nrf2 Suppresses Allergic Lung Inflammation by Attenuating the Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Response","volume":"202","author":"Nagashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.03.002","article-title":"The Complex Interplay between Antioxidants and ROS in Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02786-1","article-title":"STING Agonists Trigger Monocyte Death via Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, Caspase-8 Activation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Hirsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","article-title":"AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings","volume":"61","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravindranath, P.A., Forli, S., Goodsell, D.S., Olson, A.J., and Sanner, M.F. (2015). AutoDockFR: Advances in Protein-Ligand Docking with Explicitly Specified Binding Site Flexibility. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004586"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, W., Ansari, M.A., Alsayari, A., Almaghaslah, D., Wahab, S., Alomary, M.N., Jamal, Q.M.S., Khan, F.A., Ali, A., and Alam, P. (2022). In Vitro, Molecular Docking and In Silico ADME\/Tox Studies of Emodin and Chrysophanol against Human Colorectal and Cervical Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111348"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-05140-w","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of New (Au, Ru, and Rh) Ion Complexes and Evaluating Their Activity as Anticancer and Antioxidants","volume":"197","author":"Mutar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8197","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SC09339B","article-title":"Mitochondria-Targeting Cyclometallated Rhodium(III) Complexes Appended with Two Rhodamine Units as Type I Photosensitisers for Bioimaging and Photocytotoxicity Applications by Inducing Pyroptosis","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22127","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SC05257B","article-title":"Rhodamine-Functionalised Rhodium(III) Complexes: Dual Role as Bioimaging Agents and Controllable Reactive Oxygen Species Photosensitisers for Photocytotoxicity Applications","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102667","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Impairment: Key Drivers in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"104","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2022.100392","article-title":"Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Trigger Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots-Induced Liver Damage","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179570","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI179570","article-title":"Targeting Apoptotic Pathways for Cancer Therapy","volume":"134","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veluthakal, R., Esparza, D., Hoolachan, J.M., Balakrishnan, R., Ahn, M., Oh, E., Jayasena, C.S., and Thurmond, D.C. (2024). Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inter-Organ Miscommunications in T2D Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031504"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.09.046","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS Generation for Regulation of Autophagic Pathways in Cancer","volume":"414","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/15\/2682\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:17:53Z","timestamp":1785737873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/15\/2682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31152682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31152682","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}