{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:49:09Z","timestamp":1785919749388,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007613","name":"Ankara University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20B0237005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B0237005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20B0237005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B0237005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wntqw50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["424S233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424S233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["424S233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424S233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9kkr77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Glaucium (Papaveraceae), comprising approximately 30 species, is widely distributed across the Mediterranean region, Europe, North Africa, and Central and Southwest Asia. In the flora of T\u00fcrkiye, the genus is represented by 11 taxa and is commonly known as \u201cboynuzlu gelincik\u201d and \u201c\u00e7\u00f6mlek \u00e7atlatan\u201d. The aim of this study is to explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud subsp. refractum (NAB) Cullen, and Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss., which are found in T\u00fcrkiye and are known for their high alkaloid content. Traditionally, G. leiocarpum has been used for wound care, cuts, bruises, acne, hemorrhoids, headache, and diarrhea, while G. corniculatum subsp. refractum has been employed as an antitussive and for external applications against ocular inflammations. Ethanolic extracts and crude alkaloid fractions from the aerial parts were evaluated in vivo in anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive test models. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, while antinociceptive activity was determined using tail-flick and hot-plate tests. G. leiocarpum ethanolic extract (200 mg\/kg) showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity, effectively suppressing carrageenan-induced edema (1.58 \u00b1 0.30\u20131.73 \u00b1 0.51 mL), and displayed the strongest antinociceptive activity, with tail-flick latencies reaching 23.91 \u00b1 2.08 s (90 min) and 22.23 \u00b1 1.97 s (150 min) and hot-plate latencies of 22.27 \u00b1 4.76 s (30 min) and 23.00 \u00b1 4.61 s (90 min). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the most active extract was carried out using various chromatographic techniques. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were employed throughout the isolation process to monitor fractions and determine their phytochemical profiles. As a result, two compounds were obtained and subsequently evaluated for their biological activities. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, and LC-MS analyses as kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-glucorhamnoside. Biological activity evaluation demonstrated that these compounds significantly contributed to the observed antinociceptive activity. These findings confirm that Glaucium species are traditionally used and highlight their potential to provide bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:42:36Z","timestamp":1785850956000},"page":"2711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory and Pain-Relieving Properties of Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud subsp. refractum (NAB) Cullen and Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss., Along with Their Active Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melek","family":"Karaaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6927-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bur\u00e7in","family":"Ergene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hediye Kamuran","family":"\u0130leri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okan","family":"Ekim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, 06070 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Bahad\u0131r-Ac\u0131kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanefi","family":"\u00d6zbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34700 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00fcl","family":"Sever-Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8882-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Levent","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.01.037","article-title":"Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Effects of Three Medicinal Plants Known as \u201cSnow Lotus\u201d Herb in Traditional Uighur and Tibetan Medicines","volume":"128","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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